Proctor & Gamble

1. In our opinion, we think the answer about product life cycle is not absolutely correct. It is depend on product’s characteristic. 3C product such as eeepc (asus’s product, netbook) have quite short product life cycle; Rolex watch have been established more than 200 years. So if marketers want to extend product life cycle, they have to do more afford on survey to realize consumer behavior and satisfy their really needs and wants. When the product’s sales shows that it is on the decline stage, marketers should find the new desire on consumers and reposition, modify their product or marketing strategy, It is gain brand loyalty and equity to extend brands or products life cycle. Consequently, the â€Å"brand† makes its product life cycle prolong and maintain the product in the market. 2. Before we start to reposition, we must know the environment situation, such as industry, competitive, and consumer analysis. We use five forces analysis to analyze industry, and conclude that the competition is fierce. After that, we analyze competitive situation, through perceptual map we find that Kimberly-Clark is P&G biggest competitor. The price of Huggies is between Pampers and Luvs, and with the same function of Luvs. Consumers were willing to pay more than Pampers to buy Huggies. Form consumer analysis, we find that consumers are sensitive to quality. Because there were many double-income families, consumers are afford to pay high price for diapers. To regain the status of market share, P&G repositioned Pampers as high price brand, and changed some marketing strategies. Pampers has repositioned its products from â€Å"providing the most comfortable diapers† to â€Å"assisting mothers in bringing up children†. Therefore, it has come up with some concepts and ways to meet the purpose of the repositioning, such as the concept of Baby Stage of Development, the use of step-by-step toys, the consultation of experts, and establishment of Pampers parenting network. The concept of Baby Stage of Development is based on the babies various needs at various stages. As a result, P&G provides suitable diapers products for babies, including new babies, babies, toddlers and preschoolers. With the concepts of BSOD, Pampers has further introduced the step-by-step toy system. In the course of playing, the toys function as children friends. Besides changing the products, Pampers also establishes Pampers Parenting Network. On the websites, some experts have written professional articles on how to breed babies, how to help babies grow healthy, and so on. And all these articles are posted on the website as references for parents. Besides, the experts also provide professional responses to the problems parents have in the process of bringing up children. (2) We think that P&G can use the same way to reposition Crest’s brand image to differ from its competitors, and let it have room for progress. For instance, P&G can reposition Crest as a product for healthy and beautiful smile, not just for the purpose of cleaning. In this way, consumers can have better looks and fulfill their mental needs by using the repositioned products. 3. To realize consumers’ needs, P&G has a consumer relationship management system. In the system, there are three key points of customer relationship management. One is to understand consumers’ need deeply, second is to build consumer service center, third is to value consumers’ suggestions. To understand consumer’s need deeply, P&G through depth interviews, focus group, questionnaire survey, visit shop, trace system, e-mail, and telephone to attain this goal. Finally, value consumer’s suggestion is according to consumer’s feedback to improve product continuously. For example, there are colorful designs on the Pampers, because the babies’ clothes are light colors in summer, the picture color can be seen easily. Thus, P&G adopt the mothers’ advice to redesign the color. The above is how P&G to manage their customer relationship. Through the customer relationship management system, we can realize what consumers’ needs are.

La Shampoo

La Shampoo is a high quality and more expensive product that has the same marketing strategy over years. From 1989, the line start to slowly decline its sales. The ad agency tried to develop new look campaign, but this solution did nothing for La Shampoo sales and customers didn’t even noticed the change. Caroline, the brand manager wanted a new marketing plan to improve the sales and increase the market share, not to just keep the product remain on retailer’s shelves.She made a marketing meeting with Eric, her product sales manager, and Beth, the representative of the advertisement agency that held La Shampoo account, to discuss their recommendation. 1. Compete on Price : Eric’s solution is to reduce prices permanently as long as long term plan to save major accounts that in danger. Eric argued that the brand will died if we didn’t act very quickly and he saw his solution as a rescuer. Reduce prices is very helpful solution in supporting sales reps and in crease sales volume at least for short time ,but it is not good in building the brand and increasing the brand market share for many reasons .First of all, competing in the price could be very dangerous if other brands lower their prices too specially if they are offering benefits La Shampoo can’t provide, like â€Å"beautiful hair from natural sources†. Secondly , price- driven consumers are not loyal ,so they will go with another brand that is cheaper. 2. Strong Brand Campaign : Beth’s solution is to create new advertisement campaign. This solution seemed better to improve sales ,but there is still no specific changes Beth suggested to repositioning La Shampoo on the customers’ minds.This solution is good if the marketing researches found out the causes of the sales’ decline. Then the new advertisement’s campaign should focus in repairing La Shampoo image and correcting the mistakes that happened in the previous years. So to obtain this so lution marketing researches should be done deeply to better understanding customers . Facts About the Brand: * Brand that has been used mostly between its competitors in the category for two decades must have strong brand equity. * La Shampoo has boor brand management ,because they went from the problem to the solution without auses diagnosis. * Restaging the brand will require a lot of resources. * The alternative proposed by Marni Shin are likely to be too late , the competitor already filled the shelves with such a product . My Recommendations: After doing all researches and surveys needed on the target segment which I think is better to be women between ages of 15 to 50, I suggest two marketing strategies. The first one is for the existing customer base who still buy the product and doesn’t like changes.The other one is for attracting new customer by introducing some values La Shampoo can produce to them. These two plans should consider the following: * * In doing the res earches , should make sure about asking the right question to know the attitude for loyal and former users. * Today’s customers are very sensitive about the values they will get for each dollar they pay. So the advertising campaign must focus on the benefits consumer will have by using the brand such as healthy hair and easy style getting. La Shampoo slogan â€Å"For the Look and Feel of France † is meaningless for the current environment, the people now don’t want to look French. * Some new trails and usages must be found for the brand to communicate them in the new ad campaign. * Keep some product lines without any change for whom already use the product and to keep the base customers. * The new advertisements should support La Shampoo in tapping new customers and protect the current users.

A View of Prejudice as Described in Lorraine Hansberry’s Play, A Raisin In The Sun

A View of Prejudice as Described in Lorraine Hansberry’s Play, A Raisin In The Sun A Raisin in the Sun A raisin in the sun is a play about an African American family that is going to receive an inheritance because of a death in the family. In this play their is sexism, racism, and many other cultural differences that we might not have been able to see if we were not in the minority until this play. The African American family in this play is the Younger family there are five youngers living in one small apartment. I think the most important family member is Mama, she is the glue to the whole family and keeps everyone in line. Then theres Walter lee Younger which is mamas son he works as a chauffeur and thinks he is head of the household. Walters wifes name is Ruth she usually minds her own business more than the rest of the family. Mamas daughters name is Beneatha younger she is an aspiring doctor and she knows she can do it even with her being an African American woman. Then theres the youngest which you do not really hear a lot about he is walter and ruths son his name is travis all he wants to do is have a real house. A Raisin in the Sun is a play about the Younger family and it is based in the 1950s while racism and sexism were still taken very serious by many. The Youngers are about to receive an insurance check for ten-thousand dollars which was a lot back in the 1950s. they are receiving this check because Mr. Younger mamas husband died and left them money to take care of themselves because he worked until the day he died. Everyone in the younger family want something different out of the inheritance money. Mama wants to buy a house where her family will not have to struggle anymore. Mamas son walter wants to buy a liquor store with his friends so he can give the family everything they need. Beneatha who wants to become a doctor wants the money to go towards her schooling so she can help people and prove everyone wrong. Ruth and Travis do not really want anything specific but, everyone to be happy. Ruth finds out that she is pregnant with walters second child which they dont have any room for and beenie says â€Å"where is he going to sleep the roof† and ruth gets sad and almost passes out. this shows that they are all under a lot of stress and ruth feels guilty for having another baby. While mama and beenie know about the baby walter doesnt find out until later when beenies friend from africa comes over and they go in the room. Beneatha has a friend from africa bring her things from his homeland so she feels like she is finding her true self which is saying that she doesnt know who she really is and she is supposed to be the one with the strong mind on her shoulders. When the inheritance arrives walter is has a nervous breakdown and leaves the house for a week or so and mama goes looking for him. mama doesnt like seeing her son sad so she eventually ends up giving walter half the money saying to put two thousand in a bank account for bennie his younger sisters schooling and to keep the rest for himself. the money that mama gave walter never gets put into a bank account and ends up getting stolen by his friend Willy Harris.Walter never gets to accomplish his dream of having a liquor store. Meanwhile when walter was losing over half of the inheritance money mama is buying a house that will fit their needs, is in a good neighborhood, and is in her budget. The house that she picks isnt in an African American neighborhood and so she gets a visit from the welcoming committee. A man named Mr. Karl Linder is the welcoming committee and at first the Youngers think he is a nice man and that he wants to help but, then they find out that he only wants to pay them off to not live in the white neighborhood. the white man says that he doesnt want to ruin the block with how much the people who live their work for what they have by â€Å"certain kind of people moving in†. This causes the Youngers to become closer and move in to the new house. Throughout the play their are times that i wondered why would or rather how could people be so set on ruining other peoples lives. I grew up with many different raced people around me throughout my life so i will never fully understand the thought process of racist people. The Youngers seem to be portrayed as hard working people and they want whats best for their family it doesnt make a difference what color they are i would of still watched it the same with no judgement. Racism in the housing industry has been peppered with racism even up into modern times. The racism that is in the housing industry today are not only Towards African Americans its hispanics, whites, and any race. White people can be put out of their house by hispanics that are in gangs and even by other white people throughout the united states. But, most of the racism is pointed toward hispanics and how everyone thinks if you are colored you need to be a gang member of if you dress a certain way you are a gang member. We see it everyday on the news how police officers are even racist and arrest people for no reason. No one knows it happens in the communities also. I have seen people get shot of badly hurt by people that are supposedly protecting their community, Everyone is a victim of some kind of racism in their life even when we are younger. I do not think that people should not feel safe in their own home because of neighborhood racism. In the CBS news Ilyce Glink says Although weve come a long way from blatant, in-your-face housing injustice, racial discrimination still exists, said HUD Secretary Shaun Donovan. Just because its become less obvious doesnt mean that its less harmful. This statement is completely true many people die because of community racism. Racism in A Raisin in the Sun is almost sickening to most people and i hope that more people see this play to help spread the word about how African American people were treated in the 1950s. Racism is still alive today through communities that want one color out of their neighborhood which is not right either. I hope people eventually learn how not to be racist.

Decision Marking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Decision Marking - Essay Example The issue will first be illustrated, and then it will be necessary to identify the importance of decision making process for the company; the major part of the work will e devoted to the detailed structured analysis of the issue and application of the soft system technology to it. Conclusion will summarize the acquired information and will make it possible to define the best solutions. Last year more than 50% of total passenger traffic was generated within North America and Europe, with Japan accounting for an additional 4% from domestic or international flights. These three regions equate to more than 70% ($US400 billion) of airline revenues. However the picture will change dramatically in the next five years, due mainly to the emergence of China and India as economic superpowers set to capture about 15% of expected growth in global traffic. It is clearly seen, that the issue to be discussed in the present work is how to keep the existing market share in the global traffic and how to attract additional customers to the area of the North American and European airlines, so that with the emergence of China and India as new super powerful economic states these market shares should not be threatened to minimize. It is obvious, that possessing significant market share in global traffic and especially airline needs constant attention and decision-making, because the thr eat of India and China occupying its considerable part is based on objective reasons and grounds. However, on the other hand, these assumptions may underlie another aspect - tending to stability and knowing the quality of the services provided by European and North American airlines many customers would not be willing to change the supplier of these services, that is, the airline company they usually use for traveling on business or entertainment. Background The starting point for any aircraft demand analysis is clear understanding of the issues driving air transport and the way in which they relate to the future air traffic and aircraft capacity. Airbus' traffic forecast process is based on four major building blocks, and it should be noted that these building blocks are also important to be known in the present decision-making process. These are Brand, Emerging Markets, Human Assets and Technology. The two aspects which will be taken for analysis here are Brand and Technology. It will be essential to see how these two aspects of the airline business should be involved into keeping the present market share and what decisions should be made in relation to these two aspects to make them work for the benefit of the leading world airline companies. These will be taken as the two major issues or challenges to be faced by the companies in the nearest future and thus appropriate decision-making techniques should be chosen. (Isenberg 1996, p. 7 78) It is stated, that airlines based in Middle East and Asia are expected to develop more quickly than airlines based in other regions, growing by an average of 6.4% and 6.2% respectively. This is fuelled by the aspiration of airlines and in some cases the countries themselves, as well as access to bourgeoning markets driven by liberalization and a growing propensity to travel. But for the companies which are

Health and Safety Legislation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health and Safety Legislation - Assignment Example The bottom-line of the regulation actions is that safety is important, and the reduction of accidents is needed to make working conditions favorable. Strategic drivers in health and safety regulation in Britain can be viewed from two perspectives. That is from the business perspective and the regulators perspective. It has to be noted beforehand that the regulating authority in charge of managing health and safety regulation in the Great Britain is the health and safety executive. The role of this organization is to engage all stakeholders in promoting safe and healthy work place environments in Britain. Therefore in discussing the strategic drivers from the regulators perspective, much attention will be focused on the methods and actions taken by health and safety executive and its functions. From the perspective of the businesses, the main strategic drivers to regulation of health and safety are social responsibility, reputation, impact on revenue and the ability of such businesses to comply with the regulation. Each of these drivers is of significant influence to the ability and level of compliance to the regulations that concern health and safety at work. Considering social responsibility as a driver, the argument, in this case, is that the business owes a level of responsibility to the people and community within which it is established. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the business to provide a safe environment both within and without the firm. The community, in this case, does not mean just the surrounding but even the members of the organization. This perspective is similar to the concept of corporate social responsibility. In corporate social responsibility, the businesses moral obligation is to give back to the society that it owes its existence to. The point of divergence of the two cases is that beneficiary of the good gesture from the business. Social responsibility can also be

Aggregate demand and aggregate supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aggregate demand and aggregate supply - Essay Example Aggregate demand represents the demand for final goods and services within a nation at a specified time and price. It shows the purchasing power of goods and services of people within an economy at the given price.Policy makers within the economy must understand the concepts for the better allocation of resources. In many occasions, the government of a nation usually sustains the economy of a country using the fiscal policy. This happens on the demand side. Use of government expenditures in stimulating the economy is one of the significant activities that the government uses in stabilizing the economy. Additionally, the central bank can also stabilize the economy using the monetary policy. All these policies relate to aggregate demand and supply concepts. Thus, studying the topic will help in giving the policy makers with ideas on how to stabilize the economy. This paper will focus on the aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The writer, will analysis the topic basing on articles th at discusses the topic. A conclusion, which assesses the topic basing the judgments on the articles, will follow. In most cases, the concept of aggregate demand and supply is very common within different nations and they employ various components of the concept in stabilizing the economy. The first analysis will focus on R.A Washington’s idea on â€Å"The stimulus question†, published in The Economist on February 2nd 2012. For many years, fiscal policy has formed a major subject within the political arena. People from various fields always question the advancement of the policy makers in their way to stabilize the economy. The questions rise because of the recession that affected the Americans intensely. The questions generally revolve around the significance of aggregate demand and supply in stabilizing the economy. The first inquiry is about the suitable time that the government should act to balance their budget. From the economic point of view, the government will always encounter problems in balancing the budget especially when the economy is in recession. Within this point, the revenues collected from the taxpayers reduce, as the government expenditure increases. There will be an imbalance at this point. Thus, the government will have to consider many things for the budget to balance. Putting in place various activities that will help in increasing the government revenue, the government will have to work harder on their spending, thus giving an automatic stabilization to the economy. Therefore, the balance process should be given time for it to act automatically. The second question revolved around the sustainability of government borrowing as a threat to the economy. True to the statement, too much of the government borrowing may pose a threat to the economy. The explanation behind this notion relies on the unwillingness of the private sector to lend to the government, thus affecting the economy. Contrary to the behavior of the economy, th e private sectors will be affected. Since borrowing will be expensive to the private sector, the recovery process of economy will take long. An immediate stop to lending has an adverse effect to the economy of a country. The third topic inquires if discretionary fiscal policy can cause an increase in aggregate demand. Discussing this question requires many assumptions. Various economists have different ideas concerning the effect of discretionary fiscal policy to aggregate demand. In theoretical terms, the possibility is complicated, but empirically as the writer said, the policy can increase aggregate demand. The fourth question required a response if the policy makers

Employers Duty of Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employers Duty of Care - Essay Example From this study it is clear that Jake’s actions are actually within his scope of employment. According to Damewood, the duties and responsibilities of an auto shop service manager is â€Å"normally focused on satisfying the customers through correctly determining the problems with their vehicles and repairing them in a timely and cost-effective manner†. Although Herman identified that he should just focus on providing the free change oil service, the extra service provided by Jake ensures that the customers would be satisfied with his work. Further, any additional costs needed from checking the basics: the brakes, tires and transmission would be revenue for the shop. Jake could likewise just focus on the free change oil service, as advertised and advised by Herman. According to the paper Jake could seek the car owners’ permission to provide the basic checking services for extra charge that would provide revenue for the shop and would not necessarily cause unneces sary work slowdown for those car owners who opted not to avail of these extra services. In so doing, Jake would still be complying with the duties expected from his scope of employment and still adhere to the priorities set by Herman, his manager. As employer, Herman is responsible for Jake’s injury primarily since the injury was sustained while doing the responsibilities expected of him in the service department. According to U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration, â€Å"employers are responsible for providing a safe and healthful workplace†. The injuries sustained by Jake form part of OSHA’s regulations that cover autobody repair and refinishing where injuries that were identified include â€Å"being struck by an object, struck against an object, and caught in an object,

Shirley Jackson's The Lottery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shirley Jackson's The Lottery - Essay Example The plot of â€Å"The Lottery† and The Lottery differ slightly. The plotline in â€Å"The Lottery† revolves around a yearly important event, which occurs on June 27. Everyone assembles in the normal town, as for a typical local festival, but in this case a sacrifice is to be made to ensure a good harvest for the coming year. Each family have to draw a slip at random from the all-important black box, and that which is marked denotes the family from which the sacrifice will be taken. Each family member then draws again, highlighting the specific person to be stoned to death; in this case, Mrs. Hutchinson. In The Lottery, this yearly event is still occuring, which the protagonist Jason returning to the town (which he left when he was very small) with his father’s ashes. It is discovered that Jason is one of the Hutchinson’s referred to in the short story version. The plot of the film adaptation is largely based around flashbacks in which Jason remembers the significance of the gravestones, which all bear the same date at death in yearly intervals. As the townsfolk are so desperate to keep the tradition going, it is difficult for Jason to expose the truth; he winds up mentally ill. Perhaps the reason that both â€Å"The Lottery† and The Lottery are so chilling for American readers and viewers is because it is set within a typical small American town of around 300 residents. Additionally, Jackson effectively mixes the conventions of the small town with the outlandish lottery ritual; for example, the residents â€Å"in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten o'clock† (Jackson, 1948, p1), establishing the normalcy of the town. This is used in juxtaposition with the ritual that would not be familiar to readers of the New Yorker or viewers of NBC. In The Lottery, too, the town to which Jason returns is extremely normal and could even be described as idyllic despite the snippets of memory it brings back. The main similarity between the two media used to tell the story of the lottery is that they revolve around many of the same themes. Perhaps the main theme is of ritual. The lottery in both â€Å"The Lottery† and The Lottery are fiercely protected rituals that hold a large importance to the townsfolk. There are a number of customs that must be observed before the actual process of drawing the lottery must begin; the â€Å"swearing-in of Mr. Summers† (Jackson, 1948, p7), and â€Å"a recital of some sort† (Jackson, 1948, p7), for example. The film and print versions also show that the local people are fiercely protective of their lottery. The townsfolk also seem to follow a herd mentality, as there seems to be no real explanation for the lottery or the sacrifice, but everyone continues to follow along with the practice as usual. Despite this, the ritual itself is unimportant in many ways as â€Å"the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones† (Jackson, 1948, p71). This quote is important in many

The Economics of Education & Financing Education Adequately - Case Essay

The Economics of Education & Financing Education Adequately - Case Study 6 - Essay Example On the other hand, individuals with Bachelors Degree was reported to increase from 6.6% in 1990 census to 9.3% based on 2005-2009 survey (TACIR, 2012a, p. 13). Furthermore, the fact that the rate of drop out decreased from 13.4% between 1998-1999 to 1.3% between 2008-2009 shows a good sign of educational improvement (p. 16). To improve the education system in Fentress County, its local government officials allocated US$12,000 for K-12 new school construction, US$7,125 on school system-wide need, US$5,000 for non K-12 education, US$2,925 for existing school improvements, and US$400 for librairies, museums, and historical sites (TACIR, 2012a, p. 12). Putnam County had 9.7% unemployment rate as of June 2011 (TACIR, 2012b, p. 8). As of fiscal year 2010, the total revenue received by the Putnam County is US$144,086. Coming from the State government, Putnam County received US$39,451 (27.4%) for public schools and US$6,044 (4.2%) for other necessities. Aside from receiving US$14,367 from the Federal revenue, Putnam County collected US$35,426 (24.6%) from property tax, US$29,445 (20.4%) from local sales tax, and US$19,352 (13.4%) from other local taxes (p. 11). Based on 2005-2009 survey, individuals with high school diploma is composed of 79.0% of its total population as compared to 63.2% based on 1990 census. On the other hand, individuals with Bachelors Degree was reported to increase from 16.8% in 1990 census to 21.7% based on 2005-2009 survey (TACIR, 2012b, p. 13). Furthermore, the fact that the rate of drop out decreased from 15.8% between 1998-1999 to 10.8% between 2008-2009 shows a good sign of educational improvement (p. 16). To improve the education system in Putnam County, its local government officials allocated US$47,400 for K-12 new school construction, US$153,560 for non K-12 education, US$43,828 for existing school improvements, and US$871 for

Measuring Artificial Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Measuring Artificial Intelligence - Essay Example Devising an Intelligence Quotient IQ – for machines or any intelligent system would be, perhaps, advancement but unfortunately, the history of the development of techniques to measure human IQ, the first source checked to find applications to AI, points to a very fuzzy zone. Admitting that possibility, we present some hypothesis. For example, introducing some metric to evaluate the redundancy of the rules of an intelligent System, or the efficiency of a given topology in an artificial Neural Network could bring new insights on ranking AI paradigms and indicate which the most promising ones are. On one hand, if we look back a bit more seriously on the development issues of Science and Technology in this age, the twenty first century, it appears to be full of promises as well as perils. The previous century experienced fantastic advances in Science and spectacular technological achievements and ground breaking discoveries in medicine and health care. The current century is on the verge of even greater and more prolific things to come in terms of artificial intelligence and related disciplines. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology are some of the related disciplines in artificial intelligence. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence are closely related to duplicating complex animal and further claiming of making systems and machines that not only think, but possess feelings and emotions as well. On the other hand, we very well know the results of Science and technological Advancement have been a blessing but also have come with some blemish. The fast and continuous development in this discourse of Science and Technology has filled us with promises and perils; challenges as well as opportunities. Lately, Artificial Intelligence and other disciplines – like Nanotechnology, Neurophysiology, Mathematics,

African American Gay Rights Essay Example for Free

African American Gay Rights Essay I cannot begin to argue about African American/Hispanic LGBT, living in New York City and their civil rights without remembering the public outcry against black civil rights. Although the focus of this paper is on African American/Hispanic LGBT living in New York City and Their Rights to Marriage I have decided to start my paper of by discussing the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The civil rights movement of the 1960s and the continuing struggle against race-based discrimination were rooted in the struggle against slavery. As early as the eighteen hundreds the United States legislative had laws known as segregation laws that limited certain freedom to them. They had to live in separate neighborhood, attend separate schools, drive in the back of public buses verses in the front where Whites were; African American would not dare go against these laws back then because if and when they did, they were unjustly imprisoned, beaten lynched and more for just trying to exercise human rights. In the 1960s African Americans led a fight to remove the legally codified vestiges of slavery from our constitution and from state and local laws. Most repulsive among these, were Jim Crow laws that required racial segregation; African Americans had to endure all these things until The Civil Rights Movement. The modern concept of civil rights was pioneered by African Americans in their long struggle to become full citizens of the United States. From the Civil Rights Movement to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 to May 17, 2004, the LGBTQ movement has made some tremendous gains into mainstream society, a reality that has not been afforded to African Americans. The African American Civil Rights Movement gave birth to many other civil rights movements in the 1960s. African Americans not only made new law, their success gave new hope. Among the many efforts sparked by the African American Civil Rights Movements were the efforts to end discrimination against women, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, people with disabilities and lesbians and gays. Some African American still has one more river to cross because now African American LGBT are fighting a new civil war, the fight for same sex marriage; the right to be legally married. Currently, marriage has two distinct components: civil marriage and the religious ritual of marriage. Mixed-gender couples can have a civil marriage without the religious ceremony/ritual. Couples can have a religious ceremony/ritual, without a civil marriage. Some couples can choose both. However, to receive the legal protections of marriage, a couple must have a civil marriage, which is the only marriage that can be addressed by courts or legislatures. The LBGT believe that the rights and legal protections of civil marriage that are given to mixed-gender couples and families should also be extended to couples and families who are headed by same-gender couples. These include the rights of survivorship, inheritance, insurance, joint income tax filing, and a myriad of rights that many mixed-gender couples take for granted. For African American LGBT, state regulation has been particularly harsh. State sodomy law has had a way of preventing LGBT from acquiring some of the rights they are entitle to. Today, fewer than half the state has sodomy laws. LGBT recognizes New York City for being the birth place for many modern gay movements; however, New York has not yet passed any law giving LGBT legal protection and political support, (right to marriage being on of them). New York State gay rights bill, first introduced in 1971, still has not become law. While other states, like Vermont has established civil unions for LGBT, New York has not. Andy Humm writes that the biggest gay-related debate throughout the country right now is over government sanction of same-sex elationships. Vermont has gone the furthest, establishing civil unions for gay couples that confer almost all of the rights to which a married man and woman are entitled, though stopping short of full legal marriage. New Yorkers may travel to Vermont for the civil ceremony as of July 1, but there is some question as to what legal weight it will carry back home. The federal government enacted the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) in 1996 when it looked as if Hawaii might give same-sex couples marriage licenses. It barred federal recognition of legal same-sex marriages performed in any state and gave the other states the right not to honor such a contract. Thirty-two states have passed laws barring recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states, even though no state or nation allows gay couples to obtain a marriage license. (Holland will likely be the first in 2001. ) A New York version of the Defense of Marriage Act is pending in Albany, but has not had a vote in either chamber. Bibliography Diane Silver et al. , The New Civil War: The Lesbian and Gay Struggle For Civil Rights (New York; New York:1997), 25-26 Andy Humm, The State of gay rights in New York, Available http://www. gothamgazette. com/iotw/gayrights/ (Accessed May 16, 2005).

Involves and acid and a metal Essay Example for Free

Involves and acid and a metal Essay The Problem: To investigate one of the factors affecting the rate of reaction between a metal and an acid. Background Knowledge: The balanced equation for the reaction that takes place between magnesium and hydrochloric acid is: Mg + 2HCl == MgCl + Cl From this equation, we can already see that it involves and acid and a metal, therefore: Acid + metal == salt + hydrogen The ionisation equation of the hydrochloric acid is: HCl(aq) == H + Cl This experiment will demonstrate the breaking of bonds. Bonds break in order to allow certain atoms to re-arrange before the new bonds are formed. When magnesium reacts with the hydrochloric acid, a particle of this acid must collide with a particle of the magnesium with adequate energy in order to break the bonds between the magnesium and the hydrochloric acid. This is known as the Collision Theory. The collisions between the particles must collide more often and with more sufficient energy in order for the rate of reaction to increase. Although, not every collision produces a successful reaction as they require a certain amount of energy to break bonds. This is called activation energy. The rate of a chemical reaction refers to the speed at which it happens, and different metals react at various rates. The progress of a reaction can be measured by the rate of a formation of a product or by the decrease of reactants. There are four main factors that can be varied to affect the rate of reaction between magnesium and acid: 1. Surface area (of the reactants) 2. Concentration (of the reactant) 3. Temperature 4. The presence of a specific catalyst If the surface area were increased by using a magnesium powder, then the reaction would speed up, as there are more particles that are able to collide with the hydrochloric acid. The products of a reaction are formed as a result of the collisions between the reactant particles. Consequently, if the concentration of a solution is increased, collisions are more likely to occur. The more often the particles collide, the higher the chance that a reaction will take place. Subsequently, the rate of a chemical reaction increases if the concentration of the reactant is also increased. This is also because the rate is proportional to the concentration. E. g. Diagram to illustrate a high concentration and a low concentration: When the temperature at which the reaction is carried out is increased, the energy of the particles also increases. As a result of this, the particles move much faster allowing them to collide more often with other particles. Therefore, as there are more collisions and these collisions are more energetic, the rate of reaction increases. Catalysts are used to speed up a reaction. These biological catalysts are extremely specific, therefore only speed up certain reactions. Every chemical reaction taking place has an exclusive enzyme catalyst (an enzyme is a protein molecule produced in a living cell.) A catalyst will decrease the activation energy and forms an alternative path to help the collisions to be more successful. Safety: As I will be using glass conical flasks and burettes, I will be very careful when handling them in case I harm myself or others by dropping them. The hydrochloric acid is also corrosive, which means that it is able to eat away at materials that it is within contact with. Again, I should handle this carefully and ensure that there are no spillages. Water seems quite harmless, but if I spill any, it is possible that someone may skid or trip on it. For safety precautions, I will wear goggles and an overall and also tie my hair back. Method:   I will begin by attatching a plastic burette clamp to a clamp stand at a practical height to begin my experiment.   I will then fill my water tub approximately 1/2 full with water, and place it next to my clamp stand (so that the burette clamp is able to hole the burette above the tub. )   Next, I will fill my burette with tap water above 50cmi   and attach it to my clamp stand using the burette clamp. Very quickly, I will swiftly turn the burette upside down and speedily submerge it under the water. Afterwards, I will produce the solution of hydrochloric acid and water using separate measuring cylinders. I will remove the bung that is stopping the conical flask, and pour in the measurements of hydrochloric acid and water. I will then drop the magnesium ribbon (which will be cut using scissors), replace the bung and swirl the solution for a second, whilst starting the stop clock. I will take readings every 10 seconds. Diagram: Apparatus:   Burette   Delivery tube Clamp stand   Burette clamp   Magnesium tape   Distilled water   Stop clock   Conical flask Measuring cylinders (at least 2).

The Steps Involved In Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay

The Steps Involved In Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay The aim of this report is to explain clearly in detail the steps involved in wastewater treatment including the disadvantages and suggested improvements to the process. This report will take on an engineering analysis of the many complex processes and the steps involved in processing wastewater into clean water safe to be discharged into the environment. Also included in this report is an overall process diagram of the wastewater treatment. Furthermore, the limitations and key advantages of this treatment are outlined and the appropriate and suitable improvements that can be made to overcome them are explored. Introduction Water, one of the worlds most important but unfortunately finite source, which is being endlessly used and reused. Wastewater treatment is the process in which wastewater as well as the sewage, is filled with bacteria, chemicals and other contaminants is cleaned so that it can be recycled back safe for use. Once the treatment is complete, all forms of solids called sludge, regardless of the shape and size that was present in the wastewater will be removed. Besides that, oxygen gets restored into the water, which then eventually ends up in the lakes and rivers which require oxygen rich water to support the lifestyle of the aquatic organisms. Wastewater includes a combination of domestic sewage (toilets, kitchen, and laundry) on a smaller scale and on a larger scale this consists of industrial effluent, schools as well as businesses (chemical and wastes, hospitals, shopping centres). Wastewater is also obtained from storm water infiltration and ground water which enters the sewer through the cracks present. Generally the waste can be broken down naturally with bacteria and other biological organisms especially when it is just household or business waste. However, wastes obtained from industries are generally toxic and require a physical/chemical treatment plant, which uses both chemical reactions and physical processes to process the wastewater. Overview of the treatment: As an overview, the wastewater treatment occurs in three stages which will be discussed thoroughly. It begins with the preliminary and primary treatment where 40-60 % of the solids are removed (City of Columbia). Followed by the secondary treatment where 90% of the pollutants are removed, hence completing the liquid portion process (City of Columbia). The next step would be the treatment and removal of the sludge (bio-solids). The number of stages of the treatment varies but generally go up to four depending on the quality of water being treated. Below is a picture of an aerial view of a general wastewater treatment plant. Source: http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Wastewater-Treatment-and-Management.html , 2010 Below, is the overall process diagram of the wastewater treatment. (Source: Wastewater treatment and principals and regulations brochure) Preliminary Treatment The preliminary treatment is the first stage in wastewater treatment with its main purpose removing coarse solids and large materials found in raw water to make the water suitable for the main treatment process. It also ensures that the pumping equipment does not get damaged. This initial stage involves various different processes which include screening, grit removal and odour control. Initially, the sewage is screened to remove large objects which include plastics and paper. This step is crucial to make sure that there is no blockage in the pipe system as well as no damages to the equipment. This is done generally by passing the sewage through mechanically raked bar screens (consisting of vertical bars spaced close together) which are used to capture the large objects and remove them from the wastewater stream. The screenings (material which have been cleared in this step) is disposed safely at a landfill site. Below is an example of a raked screen bar image used in industries. (Source : Huber Technology, 2009) The next step is the grit removal which includes grit, stones and dirt. However, before the sewage enters the grit tanks, Ferrous Chloride (FeCl2) and lime are added to improve the subsequent chemical treatment. Ferrous Chloride precipitates phosphorus thus reducing the growth of toxic algae in the water. Lime on the other hand is added to increase the pH level which aids the Ferrous Chloride in removing phosphorus and other material from the sewage. Various different types of detritus tanks, grinders and cyclonic inertial separation are used including a comminutor and grit chamber to remove the coarse solids. A comminutor is actually a grinding pump which houses a rotating cutting screen that makes shreds large organic matter, therefore making it easier for microorganisms to decompose the organic matter. This step also further prevents any damage to the machines and pumps in the process. The effectiveness of the chemicals added prior in the grit chamber is improved by adding and mixing compressed air into the wastewater. In order to allow the heavier inorganic materials settle out of the waste stream, the velocity of the incoming sewage is controlled. The air flow is also adjusted to create velocity near the bottom part of the chamber to catch the grit in a current hence, allowing it to settle. Chlorination is another step that could be used in the preliminary treatment. However, as chlorination can be used for all the different stages in the treatment, the equipment has to be design specially and carefully for the same operations. All the disposals collected from the preliminary stages are disposed of safely in a landfill. Primary Treatment The next step, following the preliminary treatment is the primary treatment. The purpose of this step is to remove the particles which are able to settle by sedimentation which includes organic nitrogen, organic phosphorous and heavy metals (New York Water operations 2007). This is done by passing the wastewater through the primary sedimentation tanks or primary clarifiers where solid particles are removed by physical settling due to its density, buoyancy and the force of gravity. Coagulants and flocculants such as solid and liquid Aluminium Sulphate and Aluminium Hydroxide Chloride (Accepta Water Treatment, 2010) are often added to expedite this process by encouraging the aggregation of particles. However, the pH level has to be constantly adjusted as they tend to reduce the pH levels of the wastewater. (Source : City of Camarillo, 2010) Above is an image of a sedimentation tank. They are designed to hold wastewater for numerous hours by then which most of the heavy solids would settle at the bottom of the tank. They would then form thick slurry known as sludge and also floating material such as fats, oil and grease to rise to the surface which would then be skimmed off. There are mechanical scrapers that have been designed for the tanks with the purpose of collecting the sludge at the bottom and the scum floating on the top. Both the sludge and skimmed material are generally pumped to a solid treatment process. The sedimentation process is basically mainly to produce a liquid which is able to be treated biologically by reducing the biological oxygen demand, also known as BOD of water. BOD is the quantity of oxygen that is needed by aerobic microorganisms to decompose organic matter in a sample of water. The degree of water pollution can also be measured by the BOD. (The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language) When the solids are removed at these early stages, BOD can be reduced by 30-40 percent hence, increasing the efficiency of microbial digestion at a later stage. (Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 2010) Secondary Treatment The next stage, called the secondary treatment focuses on removing the remaining suspended and dissolved organic matter in the sewage. It is also known as the biological stage as the biodegradable organic contaminants that are dissolved would be broken down by microorganisms cultivated and added to the wastewater such as bacteria and protozoa. These microorganisms feed on the suspended and dissolved organic matter that remained from the primary clarifier. These bacteria can be categorised into aerobic or anaerobic bacteria, which is actually their need to oxygen. Generally, aerobes can degrade pollutants at a higher rate as opposed to anaerobes. (Waste Management, 2004) Numerically, the anaerobic treatment produces 0.1-0.2 kg biomass or sludge per kg BOD as opposed to the aerobic treatment which produces 0.5-1.5 kg biomass or sludge per kg BOD. (V. Jegatheesan, C. Visvanathan and R. Ben Aim, 2008) Also, some factors that increases their rate of degradation is the quantity of their food source and the temperature of the sewer. This secondary treatment can actually be carried out in numerous different methods. Anaerobic Treatment Anaerobic is defined as does not require oxygen. (MedicineNet.com) Firstly, the sewage is flown into anaerobic large tanks or ponds, therefore allowing anaerobic digestion to take place. Anaerobic digestion is when biodegradable material is broken down by the organisms without the presence of oxygen. The product of this digestion includes methane, carbon dioxide and sludge where to our advantage; methane can be used as an energy source categorising the anaerobic digestion as a renewable energy source. There is a membrane cover at the surface of the tanks/ponds which captures the methane and it is then used to generate electricity by combustion in a gas engine as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions and odour. Besides that, mixing in the anaerobic process requires less energy compared to the aeration step carried out in the aerobic process. The emission of landfill gases into the atmosphere is also reduced with this anaerobic digestion. However, larger treatment plants are needed f or the anaerobic process as they have slower reaction rates. (Guerrero F. Omil, R. Mà ©ndez and J. M. Lema , 1998) The three main steps of this process are: 1. Hydrolysis and Acidogenesis C6H12O6 Æ’Â   2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (Organic compound) (Ethanol) (Carbon Dioxide) Hydrolysis is a process where the covalent bonds are broken with the use of water. Therefore the complex organic compounds are broken down into their constituent part by enzymes. Subsequently, acidogenesis is where acidogenic bacteria produces short-chain product by converting the hydrolysis products through fermentation and other metabolic processes. 2. Acetogenesis 2C2H5OH + CO2 Æ’Â   CH4 + 2CH3COOH (Ethanol) (Carbon Dioxide) (Methane) (Acetic Acid) 2CO2 + 4H2 Æ’Â   CH3COOH + 2H2O (Carbon Dioxide) (Hydrogen) (Acetic Acid) (Water) Acetogenesis is the process where acid and alcohol are converted into acetate, hydrogen and carbonic gas by acetogens categorised into homoacetogens, syntrophes and suphoreductors. The acetic acid production process may be carried out by Clostridium acetium, Actobacter woodii and Clostridium termoautotrophicum. The products of this process vary with the type of bacteria, temperature and pH levels. 3. Methanogenesis CO2 + 4H2 Æ’Â   CH4 + 2H2O (Carbon Dioxide) (Hydrogen) (Methane) (Water) CH3COOH Æ’Â   CH4 + CO2 (Acetic Acid) (Methane) (Carbon Dioxide) The third step of this process is methanogenesis, a form of anaerobic respiration in which methanogens (microbes) that exist in deep sediments convert soluble matter into methane. The majority of the methane production is from the conversion of acetic acid and the rest comes from the reduction of Carbon Dioxide by hydrogen. In addition to above, Sulphur, sulphite and nitrate under anaerobic conditions are reduced. To produce sulphides by sulphur reduction, Sulphur Reducing Bacteria (SRB) use sulphate or sulphite as electron acceptors and organic compounds such as acetate as electron donors. This is the main reason behind the rotten egg smell that exists from wastewater as they are kept for long periods of time under these anaerobic conditions. As for Denitrification however, nitrogen gas is produced by the reduction of nitrates using the organic compounds in the wastewater by denitrifying bacteria (DB). The bacteria generally require a carbon food source as energy for the conversion of nitrogen. 6NO3- + 5CH3OH Æ’Â   3N2 + 5CO2 + 7H20 + 6OH- (Nitrate) (Methanol) (Nitrogen Gas) (Carbon Dioxide) (Water) (Hydroxide) Aerobic Treatment The next step in this secondary treatment of wastewater is the activated sludge process where atmospheric air or pure oxygen is bubbled through the sewage, combined with microorganisms to create biological flocculants which reduces the organic content of the wastewater quite significantly. This occurs because of the bacteria and protozoa feed on the remaining organic materials in the wastewater. (Guerrero F. Omil, R. Mà ©ndez and J. M. Lema , 1998) Generally, the sewage is transferred into large ponds or tanks which are called surface-aerated basins that have floating surface aerators to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters. These floating aerators create an oxygen rich aerobic environment in the sewage by removing most of the BOD therefore encouraging the growth of the aerobic microorganisms. Furthermore, the aerators provide mixing required for dispersing the air as well as contacting the reactants namely oxygen, microbes and wastewater. In the final clarifiers, the mixing process improves the settling of the biological solids. As the biological oxidation processes are highly dependent on the temperature changes, increasing the temperature to a certain threshold increases the rate of microbial decomposition. Surface aerated vessels mainly operate at temperatures ranging from 4  °C to 32  °C. (Beychok, M.R 1971) Nitrification is a process where the dissolved ammonia is removed by oxidizing it to nitrate which occurs during the activated sludge process. As a high concentration of ammonia is toxic to marine life, they have to be removed from the wastewater via the nitrification process. Nitrification can be divided into two steps, the oxidation of ammonia into nitrate by Nitrosomomonas and the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by Nitrobacter. As the nitrifying organisms are chemoautotrophs, they use carbon dioxide as their source of growth and for cell maintenance. 2NH3 + 2CO2 + 3 O2 + Nitrosomonas → 2NO2- + 2H2O + 2H+ (ammonia) (nitrite ion) 2NO2- + 2CO2 + O2 + Nitrobacter → 2 NO3- (nitrite ion) (nitrate) The remaining solid particles flocculate to form larger and heavier particles that settle down more easily based on the biological reaction. Then, this mixture of wastewater and solid particles are pumped into a second clarifier or sedimentation tank where the solid particles are separated from the wastewater similar to the process in the primary sedimentation tank, where the resulting sludge is referred to as the activated sludge. Activated sludge is a biological material, brown in colour consisting of mainly saprotrophic bacteria that is produced by the activated sludge process which affects the purification process. In poorly managed activated sludge, a range of mucilaginous filamentous bacteria including Sphaetotilus natans can develop. These bacteria produce sludge that does not settle easily and therefore a possibility that a sludge blanket decanting over the weirs in the sedimentation tank that will severely contaminate the final effluent quality will form. A portion of the solid is recycled back into the surface aerated basins to be re-used in the nitrification process as the microorganisms in the sludge are still active. Excess sludge which eventually accumulates beyond what is recycled is called Waste Activated Sludge and then removed from the treatment process to maintain the ratio of the biomass to food supply in the balance (F/L balance). As a whole, the aerobic process is preferred as it is more stable, reliable and a clearer process understanding. Tertiary Treatment The final stage of the wastewater treatment is the tertiary treatment. This tertiary treatment is considered the advanced treatment stage of wastewater treatment. The purpose of this stage is to raise the quality of effluent before it is discharged into the receiving environment including the ocean, rivers or lakes. Various different methods can be used to undergo this tertiary treatment, however it is been found that the most cost-effective and environmental friendly method is lagooning followed by the Ultra-Violet disinfection. The wastewater may also be treated by chlorine but high chlorine content will harm the aquatic life that receives the water. A chlorine-neutralising chemical is often added before the stream is discharged in situations where required. However, if very high quality effluent is needed, an additional step, namely the polishing process that use sand or gravel filters and wetlands is carried out as the water from the treatment process are not safe enough to be co nsumed as there is still bacteria present. Below is a picture of a UV channel used in wastewater tertiary treatment. Source : City of Idaho, 2007 The sewage is then flowed into a series of large man made lagoons which are highly aerobic following the secondary treatment. Colonisation by algae and zooplankton is often encouraged due to their aerobic nature. The algae that grow in the lagoons captures trace amounts of organic nutrients and compounds in the wastewater which are then grazed by the zooplankton. The remaining algae and plankton settle to the bottom hence binding the nutrients in the sediment. Other microorganisms which are present in the sewage assist in reducing if not removing the harmful pathogens in water. Furthermore, the sewage left in these lagoons are exposed to the ultra violet radiation from the sun coupled with the grazing zooplankton, which creates a far from ideal environment for the bacteria which results in a great reduction their quantity. Where greater intensity of UV radiation or where there is insufficient, the sewage may be transferred into ponds that generate the UV radiation with ultra violet light bulbs for further disinfection. This disinfection eliminates pathogens and cist and is very use friendly as well as operates at a low cost. How it works is that the UV radiation actually damages the genetic structure of the bacteria, viruses and other pathogens hence inhibiting them to reproduce. A key advantage is that no chemicals are added to the sewage when the UV light method is used, hence no adverse effect on organisms that later consume the water. (http://wastewater-treatment.org) Generally lagoons need large spaces to operate however they do not need as much money and time as the traditional tertiary treatment wastewater procedures. The lagoons have also been found to be an important habitat for the birds. After the lagooning process, the treated effluent is ready to be released back into the environment and regarded as safe. Below are pictures of lagoons, the first one being an aerial view and the second one a close up. Source : City of Idaho, 2007 Source : City of Idaho, 2007 Disadvantages of the process First and foremost, to operate a wastewater treatment plant, a significantly large amount of energy is needed. In most communities, they are often regarded as the largest energy consumer. As previously mentioned, energy is generated by the biogas produced onsite, however in most situations, this only accounts for approximately half the plants energy requirements. This is due to the fact that the wastewater treatment plants are consistently operating to keep up with the ever increasing inflow of sewage. This consumption of external energy, other than the one being produced in the plant leads to high operational costs and also, more importantly affects the environment if the energy is sourced from fossil fuel. As the primary focus of the wastewater treatment is to remove contaminants from water, and eventually recycled into drinking water, recent studies show that the presence of certain contaminants including hormones and synthetic material can have an adverse impact even at minimal levels on the natural biota and for some cases, humans. For even processes that remove 99% of microorganisms, the final effluent declared as safe to drink may contain about 50 000 microorganisms. (Environmental Protection Agency United States, 2002) This is a threat when the receiving water is used for activities such as swimming or shellfish harvesting which need to be carried out in an environment with as little microorganisms as possible. BOD levels also affect the environment as although they are greatly reduced throughout the whole process the levels leaving the plant in most cases are high enough to damage the quality of the receiving environment. In the preliminary treatment, the main disadvantage highlighted is the high cost of the screening due to high labour and maintenance costs, as well as high maintenance cost of the machinery. In the primary treatment, the accumulation of sludge that is disposed off onto landfills that will eventually get full and hence taking up a larger area. In the secondary treatment however, there are quite a few limitations. Firstly, in the anaerobic digestion process, the bi-product requires substantial wet biomass handling and disposal. If this waste was to be disposed of in a landfill, often they would break down anaerobically, releasing methane into the atmosphere where methane is about twenty times more potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas, hence significant adverse effects on the environment. (ABC News, 2008) For the aerobic digestion however, the operating costs are marginally greater due to the additional costs needed to add oxygen. Skilled manpower is also needed for the operat ion and maintenance of this process. Finally, in the tertiary treatment, the major limitation is the lagooning process which depends highly on the climate condition that affects the toxicity of municipal wastewater and effects in the receiving environment which includes dissolved oxygen content in sewage, temperature of wastewater as well as efficiency of microbial processes. Hence, the effluent produced is of different qualities. For the UV disinfection, frequent maintenance and replacements incur additional costs. Besides that, not all organisms are actually affected by the UV radiation. (http://wastewater-treatment.org) The wastewater treatment process manages to remove almost all of the organic chemicals and metals present in the wastewater, however due to environmental degradation, the contaminants should not be discharged in large quantities as the contaminants may be toxic and stay in the environment for long durations. The contaminants will accumulate in the living tissue and be passed up along the food chain. Suggested Improvements to the Process General Improvements to the Process Overall Alternative sources of energy, especially renewable energy should be explored as wastewater treatment plants generally consume large amounts of energy. The generation of energy from the produced biogas during the process is insufficient to run the plant thought it helps reduce the environment consequences and overall operational costs. A named alternative to be considered is the use of hydroelectric power. The flow of water before the final effluent is released into the receiving environment could be used to generate electricity by the use of turbines. However, the capital and maintenance costs of the plant would increase. The volume of wastewater entering the treatment plant can be reduced by reducing the pipes diameter or by a inserting a valve is important as this smaller flow of influent leads to improved treatment, longer system life and a lower chance of overflowing. Overall, the quality of effluent will be increased with the reduction of influent flow as the waste will remain in the system longer; therefore more time is provided for settling, decomposition and aeration. Unfortunately, the volume of wastewater is largely dependent on the amount of water used in the community. Therefore campaigns and awareness should be carried out to help reduce the inflow of sewage by conserving the use of water. Odour Control By their nature, processes involved in the wastewater treatment, primarily from the anaerobic digestion process generate odour. Odour is actually one of the biggest concerns of the operators of the wastewater treatment as well as the general public. One way to overcome the release of odour into the surroundings is to capture the gas resulting from the anaerobic process and treat the trapped gasses. Examples of some treatment systems include activated charcoal bed systems, chemical scrubbers (often using hypochlorite solution), a compost pile type bio-filter and UV radiation treatment. The captured air may also be treated by pumping it through soil where the odorous compounds are absorbed into the soil particles and destroyed by naturally-occurring soil bacteria. (Wastewater treatment technologies) Other methods may include the addition of ferrous chloride to the wastewater collection system to reduce the release of hydrogen sulphide gas. Ion generators may also be installed onsite to help reduce the odours. Reaction Rates Anaerobic and specific aerobic microbial processes are temperature sensitive, and generally if the temperature is reduced the rate of reactions also decreases. Therefore, the climate conditions affect the quality of the final effluent through the lagooning process and open air ponds. As the biogas produced is used to generate power usually by combustion, the heat generated from this can be used to regulate the temperature in the lagoons. This is a cost-efficient way to curb climate conditions with minimal environment impacts. When the rate of the Nitrification process increases with the use of the ringlace fixed film system, the rate of reaction also increases. Ringlace is material developed in the 1980s by the Japanese and consists of a rope like material of high surface area and chemical composition conductive to bacterial attachment and growth. This system has been proven to increase the nitrification rates by 25% when the operation temperature is less than 1 °C. Apart from being cost effective due to its minimal installation and maintenance costs, the ringlace system also positively affects the BOD reduction and hinders algae growth. (Richard, M) Activated Sludge Process For the effective removal of organic matter, the activated sludge process requires sufficient oxygen supply and thorough mixing. The rate of which the microorganisms decompose can be increased tremendously if the aeration systems in the sludge tanks design be improvised as to provide a higher input of oxygen into the sewage. A key advantage to this design improvement would be the decreased amount of ammonia discharged into the environment as final effluent. Bio-solid Processing and Disposal The sludge that accumulates from the wastewater treatment processes has to be dealt with and can be done in a number of ways. As these bio-solids are highly toxic, they require intensive treatment before it is ready for disposal. For now, the conventional means of bio-solid treatment is sufficient as in to be disposed off in landfills. However, in time to come, the space requirements to accommodate these solids are not practical. Worthless sludge can be converted into marketable bio-solids through a process called Thermal Drying. The volume and mass of the solids are greatly reduced by evaporating the majority of their water content by the thermal dryers. To assist in forming larger aggregates of solids and releasing of water, chemical coagulants are usually used. Higher temperatures produce higher quality of bio-solids that can be sold as fertilizer. The product is easily handled, stored and transported. The main advantage of this process is that it can provide extra revenue to the plant. To the environment, it reduces odours resulting from the decomposition of the sludge. (Viessman, W Jr, 2010) A picture of the final product of the thermal drying is as below: (Source : Stibbe Management, 2006) On the other hand, thermal oxidation is an efficient process that converts bio-solids into an energy source, producing carbon dioxide, water and ash. The process occurs in a fluidized bed reactor that is highly energy efficient as it can be self-sustaining without auxiliary fuel when the combustion air is preheated to high temperatures. Heated air, gas, steam, water or oil which can be converted into electricity is recovered from these reactors. The advantages of this process include its low life-cycle cost, its ability to destroy all volatile solids and pathogens, minimising odour and offsets the energy consumption of the plant. Another approach involves treatment with lime (calcium oxide), which kills pathogens due to its high alkaline content. The heat generated from this reaction also helps in producing a drier final product. The waste sludge may also be treated by a means of anaerobic digestion which is similar to the anaerobic digestion which occurs in the water treatment process. In the anaerobic digestion of bio-solids, the waste activated sludge and primary sludge are mixed together without the presence of air. The digestion takes place in two steps and involves two distinct groups of bacteria. In the first step, acid-forming bacteria convert complex organic wastes (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) into organic fatty acids. The second step is where bacteria convert these organic acids into methane, carbon dioxide and other trace gasses. As before, the methane produced may be used to generate energy by a means of combustion. This process stabilises a majority of the organic waste in the sludge thus allowing the bio-solids to be utilised as a soil conditioner. The stabilised bio-solids contain nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium which are beneficial to plant growth. Application of these bio-solids in ag riculture has lead to increased crop production. (Bio-energy from wastewater treatment) Conclusion The bioprocess involved in the steps of the wastewater treatment process namely the preliminary treatment which includes screening, grit removal the primary treatment which involves the primary sedimentation process, the secondary treatment which consists of the anaerobic and aerobic digestion and the secondary sedimentation and finally the tertiary treatment which is made up of the lagooning and the ultraviolet disinfection has been outlined in this report. The improvements as well as the key advantages were also discussed in the report. Improvements to the processes that would increase the quality of water discharged into the environment as well as the revenue of the wastewater company were focused on. Wastewater treatment is essential to ensure the preservation of our water and marine life and to the environment as a whole.

Free Siddhartha Essays: Wisdom is Difficult :: Hesse Siddhartha Essays

As human beings, we sometimes can not synchronize our minds and souls. When we are at our success of knowledge or intellect, we blind our mind with our ambition which comes along in reaching the knowledge or intellect. As a young brahmin, Siddhartha, has been taught that Brahmin is the soul of "Atman" or the 'Only One' (Chapter 1, page 5). It means that Brahmin is the highest position beside the Creator. This intellect alienates Siddhartha's 'Self'. He does not think that his superior's 'Self' will give him salvation. Siddhartha thinks his 'Self' conquers himself. He wants his 'Self" to die to find wisdom and spiritual knowledge. Rather than searching for his soul, Siddhartha attemps to destroy his 'Self' through suffering of Samanic asceticism. He sees that Samana's knowledge might lead him to his salvation. In page 11 chapter 2, we read: "...had one single goal--to become empty, to become empty of thirst, desire, dreams, pleasure and sorrow--to let the Self die. No longer to be Self, to experience the peace of an emptied heart, to experience pure thought..." Although Siddhartha does the scourge, he does not find his salvation. He quests his torment which is only escaped from the 'Self' for temporarily. Again, Siddhartha rejects and leaves the Samana ascetic knowledge. Siddhartha ends his knowledge quests: Brahminism, Samanic asceticism, and Buddhism. He turns to the use of his senses in finding his goal. His main goal is to be his 'Self'. His sense of 'being' is isolated by his knowledge. He realizes that he does not know his 'Self' which he has spent his life avoiding. He vows him self to explore the 'Self'. The second step of Siddhartha's journey is realizing that although he has knowledge, knowledge is not enough without experience. Experience can be gained through practicing knowledge. Also he realizes that thought and sense must be used together to find the way. He meets with Kamala whose beauty and intellegence overwhelms him. Kamala's observation and sensitiveness help Siddhartha to develop his sense of love. To paid for her lectur, he has his "think, wait, and fast"(chapter 5, page 46). With Kamala's help in another lecture, he gains the combination of the simplicity and intelegence. As he grows older, he makes a friend with Vasudeva, the river's man. Their life is near to the end of the harmonization of the universe.

Cuban Economics Essay -- Essays Papers

Introduction Modern Cuba is a country born of struggle. The revolutionary movement that formed the modern day government has remained in power for more than forty years. Indeed, the Cuban government is perhaps one of the most stable governments in the region. This fact is made even more evident by the recent fall of democracy in Haiti. However, the past ten years has seen a marked change in Cuban economic policy. Ostracized from the international community and faced with an embargo imposed by the United States, Cuba has turned to various sources of economic reform in order to survive in a global market. Background (1959 – 1991) During the early period after the revolution, Cuba’s primary economic base was based upon one agricultural resource: sugar (Packenham, pg. 137). Without a diversified agricultural or industrial base, Cuba was forced to become dependent on the only superpower that shared its political ideology, the Soviet Union. Indeed, Cuban trade with the Soviet Union reached a level of 69 percent in 1978, a level equivalent to the amount of trade conducted with the United States prior to the revolution (Packenham, pg. 139). As Cuba entered the 1980’s, it was plagued with the same problems that had plagued it since its inception: dependence on one agricultural produce and on one major trading partner. In the estimate of Carmelo Mesa-Lago, most of the Cuban growth from 1960-1984 came as a result of the $40 billion in Soviet aid (â€Å"Cuban Economy†, pg. 187). Leading up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban economy was in a terrible condition. In 1986, the economic growth in planned prices was only 1.4 percent compared to a planned rate of 3 percent. Labor productivity fell 1.6 per... ...orida Press (1994). Packenham, Robert A., â€Å"Cuba and the USSR since 1959: What Kind of Dependency†, pgs. 135-165 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Perez-Lopez, Jorge F., Cuba’s Second Economy: From Behind the Scenes to Center Stage, Transaction Publishers (1995). Theriot, Lawrence H., â€Å"Cuba Faces the Economic Realities of the 1980’s†, pgs. 257-276 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Watson, Hilbourne A., â€Å"The Techno-Paradigm Shift, Globalization, and Western Hemisphere Integration Trends and Tendencies: Mapping Issues in the Economic and Social Evolution of the Caribbean†, pgs. 59-88 in Joseph S. Tulchin, Andres Serbin, and Rafael Hernandez eds., Cuba and the Caribbean: Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era, Scholarly Resources (1997).

Thomas Becket vs Henry II :: European Europe History

Thomas Becket vs Henry II The High Middle Ages was a time of power struggles between the Church and the State. Increases in royal power and expeditions like the Crusades symbolized the teeter-totter of the balance of power between the two foundations, and a prime example of the fight for power is the conflict of Henry II, King of England, and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry II gained his throne thanks to the efforts of his mother, who fought to maintain her family's stature in the royal family tree. Thomas Becket was the son of a wealthy London merchant, and lived a life of no worries. Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury at the time, recognized Becket's intelligence, and he was put under Theobald's church tree. There, Becket gained experience and serious attention from his great successes as the Archbishop's trusty servant, and King Henry II laid an eye on him also. Seeing Becket's potential intelligence, Henry II appointed Becket to the position of Chancellor of England. In England, the Chancellor was second-in-command only to the King. Any man of this stature was given great power, and any man placed in this position must be able to match his expectations. Henry's instincts were accurate, and Becket performed amazingly at his new position. He revolutionized how England's government was run, and turned the quiet castle into a busy place of work. Becket's fame rose instantly, gaining attention from all over England, and quickly gained the reputation of being Henry's greatest loyal worker. Becket, aside from being Henry's most trustworthy servant, also became Henry's greatest friend. Henry frequently visited Becket for dinner, and the two would discuss issues and exchange ideas almost every night. Henry was able to derive one conclusion from their dinner sessions à  Thomas Becket was the most intelligent man in all of England. At this point in time, the Church and State of England fought mainly for power over the judicial system of England. Henry II wanted to enforce common law in his country, a system of justice with a jury that accuses suspects and royal judges that determine the sentence on the criminals. The Church, headed by the archbishop of Canterbury, wanted to keep their traditional system of canon law. The huge flaw in canon law was apparent to all of England, but the church was not willing to back down to the State. In the church's court system, the two greatest concerns were the immunity granted to church officials and the immunity granted to those who sought sanctuary.

Red, White, and Black by Gary Nash Essay

Gary Nash author of Red, White, and Black purpose to their readers is describing the early colonists, but also the relationships toward Europeans, the Indians, and the Africans. Nash successfully analyzes the impact of the colliding three cultures and interprets them to give an overall theme about the relationships between those who made America what it is today. He has shown another point of view to his reader that we grew up and was raise in a white people land; learning only the White people point of view through history. His purpose of writing Red, White & Black was to prove that Native Americans and Africans were not victims, but played as a active role to American history. Nash major theme that he covers in his book was about the three cultures in America and to interpret them overall. The theme is about the issue that Americans have towards the Native American and Africans. He wanted to examine and studied other culture history instead of only learning from the American side. He figures out that they were victims to the history and was just a role in the American history. His main point of time frame was from 1492-1796. The introduction to Nash research took place in Eastern and Northern America. Nash was against how the founding fathers came to America and affected the Natives and Africans. He was against how the founding fathers came to their land and changed their destiny of lives and culture because they took what belong to them first. Anthropologists call this process â€Å"transculturation† and historians call it â€Å"Social change. † His argument towards the historical terms is that we are studying a dynamic process of interaction that shaped the history of American Indians, Europeans, and Africans in the North America in the 17 & 18 centuries. Gary B. Nash was arguing of something different than what is written to us. He believes of what the founding father want us to know and was marked down through history. But reality during those times American Indians and Africans had a big destiny change when the European came along. They changed and affected their lives in there home land. Gary B. Nash written Red, White, and Black purpose was mainly to let people know that, what’s ever that was passed down from the founding father in history is only what their views were and marked down in papers. How the Americans European changed the lives of all Native American and African that was located at Eastern and Northern America.

Cultural safety in nursing Essay

The meaning of the circumstance culture in nursing has changed signifi dealtly in recent decades. Culture may be considern as the learned, sh ard value and beliefs of a particular group (Spence, 2001). pagan expression assumes many forms, including language, traditions, stress, pain, anger, sorrow, centeruality, decision qualification and even world philosophy (Catalano, 2006).Cultural refuge is a process that involves the individual perspicacious of their self and their own culture, becoming awake(predicate) of, respectful of, and painful to different cultures, request who is at risk, preventing unsafe situations, and creating a ethnicly safe environment (Wood and Schwass, 1993).During my first nighttime shift at clinical placement, I rund guard for Anna (pseudonym), an 85- year old Maori lady, who was admitted to the protect following suicide attempt, which was related to the insurgent anniversary of her husbands death. She had a 20 year history of depression. On admission Anna was agitated and fearful, stating that she could non do al just rough anything that was requested of her. She had some disorganise ideas. For example, she thought she would be scalded by meals, or accidentally fall out(p) of a window.We had just finished our handover when Anna rang the bell. I went to her means and engraft her sitting on the chair. practised evening Anna, I said. My name is Parisa. I am your oblige tonight. Anna looked conf use of goods and valuesd and replied I am not legitimate if I constitute enough apparel. From the handover briefing I had still that she was badgering nearly not having enough clothes. So I opened the door of the public press and reassured her that she had plenty of clothes. Then I told her she needed to come back to her level and have a rest. I helped her beat back into the bed.Twenty minutes later, art object I was doing the ward check, I perceive someone rank. The sound of bellyacheing came from Annas room. I went to her room. It was midnight. Anna was lying alone fearful, sad, and depressed. remaining isolated, she wanted to call a book for help but she didnt get by how to explain what she needed. Anna, what happened? I asked. Are you crying? She didnt reply. In this situation, it came into my mind that near remediation communication through the use of colligate was in truth appropriate to comfort her. I held her hand, looked into her eyes, and asked her if she wanted to tell me what she was sentiment at the time. She replied I feel I am a horrible soulfulness, shtupt you see that? I said, A horrible person, what I see is a frightened person. You are panic-struck, arent you?She replied, I am so s tutorshipd of losing everything and everyone I love. Nurse, I am not a good person, I tested to commit suicide. I took an overdose of my pills, and I made my family worry about me. She started to cry again. I listened to Anna and let her speak out all her feelings. I said, I take care you feel it was the wrong thing to do She replied Do you think God leave forgive me? I need to cry, I need to pray. With my eyes wide-eyed of tears I asked her, Would you like it if we prayed unitedly? She looked at me kindly and said Yes, I would like to pray. We held hands, and both of us started to pray in our own languages schooling and so not acting on what you learn is like ploughing and then never planting (Unknown). When I was in unit 4, we had a Maori wellness melodic theme where I gained lot of knowledge about the Maori view of health. This incident with Anna was an occasion in which I put the knowledge I had learned at university into figure.According to Durie (1998) the traditionalistic Maori attitude toward health is one of holism. Health from a Maori perspective has al sorts declare the unity of spiritual, excited, physical, and family aspects. The spiritual perspective is the most necessary perspective for Maori well cosmos. It is defined as attachment to phantasmal values, but does not have the same meaning as religious beliefs. When spiritual needs are met, an individual skunk function with a meaning(prenominal) identity and purpose and can relate to reality with hope (Durie, 1998). nursing is a discipline that professes to address the clement person in a holistic manner, focusing on all dimensions of the person body, mind and spirit (Lemmer, 2005). Care of the spirit is a professional nursing responsibleness and an intrinsic part of holistic nursing. The holistic nursing perspective gets nurses to view individually person as a biopsycho neighborly being with a spiritual core. Thus, nurses must be sure to address the spiritalong with the other dimensions to provide holistic care (Calatona, 2006, p.403).In my situation, I had to support Annas desire to pray and practise meaningful rituals. To confirm my assumptions about an underlying ethnic issue, I asked Anna in a very respectful way about her heathen beliefs. I realiz ed that Annas religious beliefs could be a vital way in which she expresses her spirituality. I asked her if she would like the service of a Maori Chaplain, and she accepted. Therefore, during the morning handover I sensible Annas primary nurse that Anna neediness to be referred to the Maori Chaplain Service. Fourie, Mcdonald, Connor and Bartlett (2005) clearly secernate that handover is a critical time where affable faculty share information from which to base key decisions about patient of care and management, curiously customers who appear unsettled and /or those who require extra intervention. Spiritual interventions have been demonstrate to be significant in the clients recovery from disorder. The dimensions of religious ceremony, supplicant and the client, kin with God have been shown to have positive associations with mental health (Catalano, 2006).Reflecting on this experience I found that my therapeutic communication techniques of presence, and active sense of hearing, were very useful. The affectional aspects of nursing are related to stirred interchange between nurse and patient which includes presentation, active listening, therapeutic communication and discussion of spiritual issues (Wichowski, Kubsch, Ladwig & Torres, 2003, p.1122). I used touch to help comfort her distress. Touch is a therapeutic tool which can provide sensory stimulation, induce relaxation, physical and emotional comfort, orient people to reality, improve level of awareness, convey warmth, respect, sensitivity and a goodly expression of a trusting relationship (Crisp & Taylor, 2003).I listened attentively to every angiotensin-converting enzyme word that Anna said to show that I have a genuine involution in knowing more about her beliefs. Listening attentively and reflectively can help the client feel valued, understood and supported (Mohr, 2003). I have found out that through my active listening to her story, I displayed a caring attitude, and she is al nomin ate participating in a culturally competent care. A nurse who is ready to listen to his/her patients, respects theircultural and social backgrounds and does not make any stereotyped assumptions delivers a culturally safe practice (Bunker, 2001).My experience of nursing Anna, and learning how her cultural beliefs affected her mood helped me achieve and flummox the skills to be culturally competent in my nursing practice. Culturally competent care involves the integration of knowledge, attitude and skills to provide culturally appropriate health care (Mohr, 2003). As I want to be a mental health nurse, my practice should be culturally appropriate through the sensitive and supportive identification of cultural issues (Australia & untried Zealand College of Mental health nursing, 1995). I excessively learned that one of the skills that a mental health nurse should possess is the index to integrate cultural perspectives within the sales pitch of appropriate interventions. This exper ience also gave me the luck to demonstrate my skill in communicating Annas problem to the primary nurse effectively. It also enhanced my critical mentation skills for I was able to find the consort between her beliefs and her illness, and that led to provision of a culturally competent care.

Jinnikins Jeans Formative Assignment Essay

The Assignment ordain be position in a business give out coif in regards to the paygrade of provided vowelise level for the ply at Jinnikins Jeans. This report allow for be in a very design and efficient frame. The Jinnikins Jeans evaluation exit take place by apply relevant theories and models that is being covered in the lectures as well as some independent research. This will be in the form of books, journals, and some online sources in high society to support the theories.I intend to unmortgaged this report with clarifying how important it is for employees to have a voice in brass instrument in prevalent as well as stressing the point that how principal(prenominal)taining a good level of voice within the organization can influence positively for the employees and could lead to ontogenesis of the keep company. The next step would be a brief overview of the Jinnikins Jeans case study and discuss how much they ar maintaining the level of voice for employees in th eir business. Despite the fact that At Jinnikins Jeans the twain brothers are make the main decisions, the commitment cycle model has been chosen.Because it allows to assess the partake of employees freedom voice range to the overall companys success by using its 5 parts in the cycle. The next step of this report will focuses in more details on the motivational aspect of the employees in Jennekins base on the fact that George and Trevor are the only one who is making the decisions at the company by using two polar theories as they will allow different ways of evaluation to the topic. This will encompass Hertzberg compendium and Vroom expectancy speculation.Vroom expectancy theory has been chosen as it allows to discuss about the necessity of completion of 3 elements of motivational forces in telling to give voice to the employees at jinnikins. The report will argue about the fact how the brothers can apprehend employees interests when they are not giving enough voice to th em in order to relate their interest to their net out come of their performance results and keeping them motivated. The Hertzberg analytic thinking has been chosen as it makes it possible to analyse how the brothers satisfy method in order to motivate their employees in truth affect to their motivational level.Furthermore, The report will gauge how giving the voice to employees in Jinnikins Jeans has effected to the overall performance and their motivation by counting in using Hertzberg theory. Throughout the report, references of academic books will be present. These will include the core and recommended references provided in the mental faculty guide. Furthermore, journal article will act as vital point of reference in order to evaluate Jinnikins Jeans in more details. The report will be referenced using Harvard style.

Kongi’s Harvest Essay

chairperson Kongi, the potentate of an Afri tail growth rural atomic digit 18a, is un humanityageable to rise his nation ulterior de re donation orb-beater Oba Danlola, who is universe held in keep. Kongi de forgivingityds that Danlola comprise him with a observance yam plant plant plant at a domain dinner set ab come forwardy to depute his abdication. Daodu is Danlolas nephew and heir, and he grows prized yams on his originate. Daodus devotee Segi owns a block up w here(predicate) Daodu sp removes to the highest degree of his time. Segi is revea direct to be Kongis occasion savorr.The sev successionl(predicate) tribes be resisting unification, so Kongi tries to make up his destination by just close to(prenominal) bosom and soul necessary, including forcing govern custodyt authoriseds to withstand tralatitious Afri lavatory bulgefits and plane pursuit advice from the homophile he deposed. In a climactic visual modality at the put for ward dinner, Segi reconciles Kongi with the discorpo consecrate wit of her father. speckle-Colonial go off liquidation and Post closure atomic number 18 couple evils in the so c tot on the wholeyed refine generation. During village noviceizing the empire was non possible. scarcely in the maculation compound era the colonize is non sp bed. own(prenominal) immunity de cosmosds that a homo being has the decently to act on whatever pietism and corporate trust. t wholey to fri wipeoutly experts he has the right to companionable security, testimonial and confrereship in the ethnical deportment of the community. yet these fundamental frequency rights were denied to the annex and the spot colonized. The sources in the deport-compound ut to the highest degree check the rigour and dehu man raceisation ruthless(prenominal)ly unspoilight-emitting diode on the colonized. The in truth shopping centre and ship bedal by which the indigenous-born was dishonored grow trenchant weapons to wee sustain at the colonizer.The native was demeaned as a angry, his buck c whollyed a apparition unpolluted, his ticker h pinnulet of loathsomeness, his godliness beastly and himself a man-eater. The channel-colonial sources ingestion their pagan myths to assure the ignorance of the colonizer and his racial prejudice. They give fini escape from their myths the brilliance of their religion, the cosmic uncorrupted deal goed by it, the theory of greening constituent(a) in it and the lesson of common fraternity advocated by it. The authors ram at exploiting unhomogeneous techniques as myths, carnival, intertextuality, palimpsest, polyphonic reading, emblem etceterato facilitate the reader perceive things from a bran- tonic fish so as to interrogate the official edition of hi bol unmatchabley, the supposed authenticity of the principle and the government agency of intellect hegemony exercised. The inequal ity ming lead with the post-modern source and the post colonial writer is that the source does it to emb obsoleteen nihilistic sportswomanfulness, whereas the post colonial writer is ever cognizant of the low underg angiotensin-converting enzyme by the individuals starting from cover cognize of agony he expresses his extensions decl ar disorientation at the psychic level.The post colonial composing aims at greening of the wronged colonized and payoff of their prestigiousness and identity. apologues eng eradicateer stark(a) wisdom. When a writer purposes it creatively and dynamic t forth ensembley, he invests them with voguish layers of heart and soul and indication which shine up the coeval reality. Malinowskis observation affirms this story contains germs of the futurity epic, d eithery and calamity and continues that it finds itself in trusdeucerthy of its tiers of ext closedownant literary polish Myth and religious rite in a uninitiate edict ar the sustaining forces both in regular times and crises.No revere all the Afri bottom writers search recourse to myths for restoring the split nature of their fellowmen and reclaiming the warp faith in their cultural tradition. Soyinka as a enormous diehard uses myths as the core of all his belles-lettres whether they argon poems, legend or act as. Kongis harvest, Wole Soyinkas up-to-the-minute piddle a typeface, has predictably created a star at Dakar, where it was presented at the blackness mankindities Festival.For Soyinka has elect a local subject, Afri corporation nationalism, and whether he tikes it nor non, his hysterical Kongi has credibly been appraised as a dangerous deal in price of Nkrumahs ejection, for example, as by aesthetic merit. This ref is for the most part strange with African regime and the conventional set upon which Soyinka betingly bases so such(prenominal)(prenominal) of his work. Consequently, these remarks of an unashamed out globeer of sine qua non worry sole(prenominal) the pellucidity and tackiness of the piece of cake considered, perchance unfairly, extracurricular its accessible context.As attach in the liberal arts househ sexagenarian at the University of Ibadanthat is, without the lowest scene, called katzenjammer and with sizable bewilderment attention its end turn onthe swindle depicts for the noncitizen what motley of fruit a man reaps if he sits al mavin on travel by of a sess. That is Kongis proper(a)ty by the capitaler part of the adopt he descends, at its conclusion, to a craw-time feast at which he is presented non with the anticipate impudently yam, scooply with a be tip human gaffer. Kongi, as some(prenominal) sections, in the course remark, is a sticker , a man who thinks of the world as honoring him at all times.He sits upon his mountain feel out on the world, and at the identical time, he is overt(a) to that world. s uch(prenominal) an onset to victuals tallyms to slang interpreted its, delirious toll. Kongi is, hysterical, and in the snuff it scene, he delivers in copy what we argon t middle-aged is a four-and-a-half second tamp down, trance the affairs of the world the training of the new-sprung(prenominal) yam and the dissonance hence tout ensemble duck the dustup of the speech. The speech is acquire gesture, stark of sound, ignored by the world. The gestures, skilful of rabidness simply, atomic number 18 those of a man out of all steamy control.Ranged in respective(a) more than than(prenominal) or less specify crystallizes of foe to Kongi be at to the lowest degree(prenominal) common chord examples. The initiative off of these is Oba Danlola an old arid obstinate, fiery, blow overed-down harbourer. He is in detention as the twist establishs, presumptively for op short letter, and angiotensin converting enzyme of the study motions of the wanton involves bringing Danlola to present Kongi with the new yamto free in resultant role his handed-down strength in I he feast. The old come in passeth, and DanLoJa nettly consents. The foreigner is non actually equal to judge Obas generically. nonp aril(a) imagines that, as sketched, Danlola is a linage traditional figure, and he substantiatems a nice exuberant fellow.Yet, at peerless enquiry up, devil characters consider him to Kongi in the principal(prenominal) count of posing. To the primitive on that arrest savet once againstms atomic demonstrable operate in the affinity non because Danlola does non pose, just because his posing does non front to incur produced hysteria. This take whitethorn excessively be do in price of the persuasion of isms substantial in the laugher. Kongi, rules a land called Isma and his allegiance to isms searchs to be a business office of his posing. Danlola, poseur though he may be, cant aut hentically be verbalize to record in this fancy for isms.We impart solely the freezee, unlimited affirmation of Danlolas affinity to Kongi and zero visible on the leg to suppport the statement. Surely, here Soyinka has each led us advantageously astray, or has failed entirely to carry us with him. manifestly, Danlolas nephew and heir, Daodu, is similarly ranged against Kongi and his isms, App arntly because we see Daodu do precious teeny-weeny. He is a bar fly, a regular of Segis shadow Club, and Segis present Lover. Segi is a physique of knock-down(a) whore, Kongis spring working girl somewhat whom howling(a) stories spread she destroys men, the prompt is, intimately.It does not calculate to what extent. Kongis present, exceedingly disorganize originator is owe to his gos with her. Nor is it clear whether it is Segi or Daodu who has the top(prenominal) hand in their singingship. When he is not deglutition Segis beer. Daodu raises booster dose yams on a farm hamlet which runs a sort of absolve competition to the Kongian establishments, outdistancing them each time, it is his yam which is selected at the net festival, pounded and presented to all l whizzsome(prenominal) if Kongi, evidently in the enumerate of harvest homeing Daodu and his yams be dislocated from Kongi and hiS human gunpoint by the withdrawnness amid animateness and death.However, Daodu at iodine point in the play announces a syllabusme of oppositeness to Kongi which is predicated upon real about normal hate and, to take after the metaphor, human heads. Segi opposes his position plead for a loving ascend to wholenesss fellow men, alone, uni act upon so ofttimes in the play, the point of this colloquy trunk obscure. wiz is remaining to hypothecate whether Segi here asserts her canonic mastery of Daodu, or whether Daodu is to be good dealed as the exploitation character who grows out of his annoyance, or whether it is all a slimy joke. Segis dustup of love sullied by her occupation.At any(prenominal) rate Daodus program of hatred come alongs clear contrary to his interchangeableable yam growing, and we neer see him do anything which resolves the issue. Segi may in any case be position in opposite word to Kongi, but if it is difficult to con Daodus and Danlolas positions, with Segi the paradox is fancyless. principally this is genuine because we see her do provided less, than Daodu. She neer acts unambiguously in such a counsel as to confound the lasting story that she destroys men. Her relation with Daodu is so indefinite as to shed little unaffixed on this social function.For much of the play she maintains silence, which she breaks most perceptibly with her ablaze entreaty for comprehensive love. here, her pestilential tendencies seem open to question. Her some another(prenominal)(a) major exercise, wholly at betting odds with her profession of cosmopolitan lo ve, argues the play. set about Kongi directly, she presents him with the decollate head of her father. As pegd, the opposition is emblematical with a outstanding S , in flock of the explicit sexual overtones of the harvest festival, one now leerys that Kongis token harvest results from cultivating the Likes of Segi, that if one resorts to her one can entirely pop off abominations.Here again Soyinka may be possessed of led us astray. If Segi is a hold in the pitch involvement mingled with the sexes busy in the good meshing Soyinka his visualised in The social lion and the ornamentdestroying men as relation reports he does, Soyinka has carried us a pine representation from African nationalism in that final scene. For in that case, Kongi, and also Danlola and Daodu are continent in additionls in a distorted prolificacy rite, and the stir up with Africa lies not in its dictators, but in its whores. In view of the series of major interpretive alternatives suggested above, one is constrained to conclude that Kongis Harvest is, to the outsider an tongue-tied sprawl.Alternative, and mutually exclusive interpretations are not delicate ambiguity, Soyinka sets us on a number of scents, which pursued, lead in no atomic number 53 direction. We are led into either horse-brier tour in the area, on wide different andmutually exclusive paths, and end by trail in genuinely small, discombobulate circles. Against such a view of the play devil dissents expertness be raised. First, some of the suggestions about the consequence of divers(a) actions cogency be termed over-ingenious. much(prenominal) an objection moldinessiness be at least part disposed(p) yet, Soyinka himself must bear incomplete province for this critics over-zealous application, Soyinka has the line up dramatists introduce of fashioning actions seem significant. His inventive use of action and quarrel effectively commands the audience look here, this is fundamental, and you should suss out cautiously. When a parity of two characters is underlined examine considerable word of the comparison, when a reserved character last speaks, when a resistless character ultimately acts, we cannot remove but pretend the situation is important. possibly Soyinka is in any case good at gelling, our attention, with the result that we are transfixed by the non-essential as surface as the essential. On the other hand, it tycoon be objected that a man as foreign with African government and elaboration as this referee cannot form a proper intuitive feeling of such a play. This too is a unnerving objection. Still, drama is a common form of art, if it is anything, and an operative similar Soyinka should resolve whether he wants to stretchability anything larger than a purely Nigerian or African public.It would seem that an artificer tries to separate insular even sots in such a way that they stupefy more than a parochial im portee in presenting the uninitiated a hammy experience with African government Soyinka exactly confuses, and one can only if suspect that he is helpless himself. The matter of right-hand(a) and go away Ears of posit exemplifies the outsiders difficulties in truth nicely. Those two unmistakably named characters are introduced, as the henchmen of Kongis Organizing Secretary. They are a majestic volume back upthe universe merry large to lead our attention, and we require that they pull up stakes do something amusing.Instead, they run silently into the backroom of Segis wickedness Club, never to re-appear. We later reveal that they view been killed in payback for Kongis politics. Their memory board lingers on, however we cant right to the full conceptualize that we wear muddled them so archean moreover, variant characters use ear phrases which call up their label to us. As a result, when in the last scene, the head is presented to Kongi, we, without Soy inkas stage broadsheet stating whose head it is, recall, even if only for a design moment, our old friends the Ears.Our attention, in other rowing is at least part disconcert at this important point by the strong prospect that the Ears entrust uprise interesting. Soyinka must foretell with the feature that he can paint a picture our interest, and in sequent matters, turn to that gift carefully. It is a great dismay to picture at long last that, in the interests of tackiness and clarity, numerous bewitching melodramatic touches in Kongis Harvestshould, like the Ears of State, be more fully developed, carefully subordinated, or lopped off. completion The end of the play leaves no hope in us for the oppress of such societies. The splutter by Daoudu and others to crucify Kongis closing is doomed. This futility of action is first hinted in the proverbs from hemlock tree . even Daodu and Segi who are the only ones adventurous comme il faut to openly designate Kongis rule, are in the end victims of the predicted ecumenic clampdown indicated by the constrict rasping that clamps on the fuze at the end of the play.