Challenges in Oil Gas Industry - 5117 Words

Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry Submitted By: ABHISHEK KUMAR ROLL – 02 PGDM - IB Under the Guidance of: Prof. C P JOSHI HOD (Strategy, International Business General Management) Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry 1. Topic: Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry 2. Objective: This seminar paper aims to briefly analyse the current challenges faced by Global Oil Gas companies and its impact on the global energy sector 3. Methodology Used This Seminar paper will primarily be based on the secondary research. Newspaper articles, case studies and industry magazines Journal will largely constitute the seminar paper contents. ABHISHEK KUMAR Roll -02†¦show more content†¦The IEA is calling for an energy supply investment of $ 1 Trillion per year through 2030. The ensuing supply crunch may further raise the oil prices and threaten economic recovery. In recognition to this dilemma, some countries have introduced fiscal incentives to prop up key industry players. Brazil’s national development bank, committed over US $10 Billion to state –controlled oil producer Petrobras. This followed a similar investment by Mexico’s government in its oil producer, Permex, to fund the construction of new refinery. Figure i- Source – World Energy Report 2012 ABHISHEK KUMAR Roll -02 PGDM –IB 2011- 13 Page 3 Current Emerging Challenges in Global Oil Gas Industry Figure ii: Source Barclays Capital 4.2 High operating Cost leading to Lesser Profits For oil and gas companies across the supply chain, high commodity prices in recent years translated into more than record profits. They also served to stimulate development of higher cost, unconventional crude and gas resources, which, in turn, pushed up the costs of engineering, procurement, construction, equipment, labour, land and other critical inputs. As a consequence, when price fell precipitously capital was already committed and cost failed to drop as steeply. In response to lower current cash flows and the projected margin squeeze on new investment, companies around the world have begun to delay and cancel projects.3 According to the Canadian Energy ResearchShow MoreRelatedFactors And Challenges Of The Oil And Gas Industry1455 Words   |  6 Pagesand Challenges to the Oil and Gas Industry Dr. Saman Aryana â€Æ' Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....2 Challenges to Oil and Gas Sector†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 Worsening Fiscal Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Conventional Reserves in Challenging Areas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Environmental and Health Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Issues Related to Petroleum on Economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...9 â€Æ' Introduction Oil and Gas sectorRead MoreRole Of Predictive Analytics For Asset Optimization Of Oil And Gas Industry Essay980 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Predictive analytics in Asset Optimization in Oil and Gas Industry In recent times, Predictive analytics has started to play an important role in asset optimization in various industries. 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Genetic Engineering Free Essays

Genetic Engineering – A Curse or a Blessing? What is geneitc engineering? Many struggle to understand the real meaning and outcrops of this complicated, highly expensinve procedure. Genetic Engineering is a direct human manipulation of an organism’s DNA structure. As intricated as it seems, it’s a technology that has been used for decades, and is soon to outbreak into a real â€Å"Cloning Aeon†. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, how could we know the benefits and the drawbacks of this technique? Let us take a hinge at the striking, egregious discoveries this subject has brought to the world: from SciFi novels to the first synthetic life forms, from genetical engineered wheat to dreaful mutations of the human bodies. Indeed, it seems as if we are already living the much-dreamt-of blazing, scientific inventions. Still, if so many types of drugs and cures have been made-up from just a few mutations, one may wonder how come the biggest issues regarding human incurable illnesses have not been resolved yet. No one can deny this: we own a technology way beyond our understanding, we hold a highly destructive power in our rubber science lab gloves, yet we feel listless when facing the most questionable allegation: Where are the cures for Cancer, AIDS and Alzheimer, diseases that break our world apart? Isn’t it curious how scientist try to create artificial lives instead of curing the genuine ones? We should admit that it’s not to be our â€Å"contemporany age† anymore. It’s a dawn of biohackers. Biohacking comes along with interests. Interests come along with strifes. And strifes inevitably lead to casualties. By the same token, millions of people could be left to struggle in an obscure, isolated self-made world in which they think they could be saved. It’s a tryout, it’s a new selection that many conspiracies theories affirm. Although we should not forget the cloned Dolly sheep and the rest of the pioneers in this area, I dare say that genetic engineering has not yet proved to be something more than a handicap to what human society might mean. How to cite Genetic Engineering, Papers Genetic Engineering Free Essays Scientists cross breed them. Most commonly used are genetic fruit flies to study the effects of genetic changes on development. Flies are preferred over other other animals because their vertebrae are simpler than other organisms. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetic Engineering or any similar topic only for you Order Now Modified bacteria are used to produce the protein insulin, to treat genetic diseases like diabetes, hemophilia, and dwarfism. Transgenic animals have had their genes altered. A majority of these animals are mice. Scientists can now produce these animals thanks to Crick and Watson discoveries. A transgenic plant; however, has genes that have en inserted in them rather than through pollination. Benefits of these plants are that they can fight droughts, as well as insect resistance. Less pesticide would be used. An example of a transgenic plant is the rape plant, which pollinates weeds. According to Google. Com, DNA fingerprinting is the analysis from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals. It is very unlikely two people would have the same fingerprint. DNA fingerprinting is beneficial in many ways including paternity tests, crime investigation and identify organisms causing a diseases. The testing can be done voluntarily by providing a sample of blood or a swab of the cheeks inside a person’s mouth . The Human Genome Project was completed in April 2013 and it was a computerized system where you donate your DNA to be scanned into a computer base worldwide. They match your DNA with people all over the world. You paid to have your DNA sent in and all our genes sent together are known as a ‘genome. ‘ The project is beneficial because they can track diseases and help prevent them. Gene therapy is a technique that helps prevent or treat disease by using genes. Gene therapy is not unethical, it could prevent diseases from passing down through generations. I feel this way because it could help cure diseases that we never had the privilege to cure before. If I were to create my own transgenic organism it would be a mix between contractible that captures light from the sun and a cow. Transgenic cow, can provide food and sunlight received from the bacteria. It does not take up farmland all it has to do is stand in the sun. It can get all the protein and nutrients needed. Cows give us milk and meat, which could be healthier without all the pesticides. I would all the animal cannon. How to cite Genetic Engineering, Papers

Biotechnology Pros And Cons Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Biotechnology: Professionals And Cons Essay, Research Paper Biotechnology: Professionals and Cons Throughout this past semester many of import ecological quandaries have come to my attending. The most dramatic environmental issue that I have noted this semester has been agricultural Biotechnology. A reputable definition of Biotechnology would be? the means or manner of pull stringsing life signifiers ( beings ) to supply desirable merchandises for adult male # 8217 ; s usage? ( www.biotechknowledge.com ) . Scientists are pleased due to the reaching of biotechnology, believing that it will replace original, conventional genteelness methods. After all, it seems like it is a smarter, less expensive manner to turn our universe? s nutrient supply. But allow? s note that this scientific pattern is truly non that new. The word biotechnology was introduced in 1919 by a scientist by the name of Karl Ereky in demoing adult males interaction with biological science utilizing modern engineering. But, Biotechnology in its agricultural facets is merely one of the many Fieldss of this survey. Some other countries in this survey are: recombinant DNA, rDNA or cistron splice, enzyme systems, meristem civilization, mammalian cell civilization, immunology, molecular biological science, agitation, and others. But, worlds are get downing to see the non so perfect traits of biotechnology, and even acknowledging it as a type of? biological pollution? ( Nill, 03 ) . ? Biological pollution? , as viewed by Michael Pollan, can even be seen as a? disease? ( Pollan, 186 ) . There are many grounds why we should lodge to our conventional ways of turning nutrient, these grounds are because biotechnology is bring forthing effects that are unfavourable to the wellness of worlds and of our ecosystems. Using the biotech manner, we could be seting ourselves at hazard of legion wellness jobs. With conventional genteelness methods, pesticides were sprayed on the exterior of the fruit, where they can be easy washed off. But, biotech nutrients are non that easy free of chemicals. When the pesticide is placed inside a fruit? s DNA make-up, it literally becomes portion of the fruit. You can non rinse this off. Potato agriculturist Pollan reported that? ? in the Grower Guide besides brought intelligence that my murphy workss were themselves a pesticide, registered with the Environmental Protection Agency? ( Pollan, 184 ) . Would you candidly eat a piece of fruit or a vegetable that can kill all insects on contact? We are non speaking about something with merely a waxy movie on the exterior ; it is really incorporating a chemical that itself can kill life. Conventional genteelness methods would let rinsing the fruit four times to be safe, but this is non an option for Biotechnology. Biotechnology is non merely bad for our wellness, but it is besides capable of truly messing up our ecosystems. We are ready to works Fieldss of veggies that can pass over out an full species of insect in a designated country. Insect-fighting capablenesss of Biotechnology are even seen to be futile in the hereafter. The insects will hold built a opposition in clip and this is merely money out of husbandmans? pockets. It can non wholly pass over out all the bugs anyhow, because bugs are truly responsible for the procedure of pollenation. No pollenation would intend no flowers, no flowers would take to fruit, that would bear seeds to get down off a whole new coevals of workss. It besides brings up another issue. Just what if some bugs managed to do it, and so started distributing about pollen from workss that are immune to bugs. We will stop up traversing the incorrect bugs together, and they could shortly develop a opposition to the Bt chemical. ? The theory is that when a Bt-resistan t bug does demo up, it can be induced to copulate with a susceptible bug from the safety, therefore thining the new cistron for opposition, ? ( Pollan, 187 ) . This means that if we have a clump of? ace bugs? winging about, they will be immune to even crops that Don? T usage biotechnology, they will be immune to the organic 1s that merely use Bt sprays. Besides all the immediate, obvious menaces, allow us non bury the fact that the authorities is and has been seeking to conceal the fact that Bt merchandises are already being sold. You would calculate that in the? land of the free? we would hold the freedom of pick. How do we cognize if this Bt material is safe, and if it is so safe, so why aren? T we told which are Bt merchandises and which 1s aren? T? But one should non be biased in their strong beliefs, so allow us see the positions of Biotechnology. Many people in the universe today hold this optimistic position of Biotechnology. With our universe turning quickly and the populations lifting to impossible highs, new thoughts of ways to suit our demands should be thought of. However, we should, at the same clip, non utilize up all of our Earth? s resources. ? With the coming of biotechnology, agribusiness is come ining the information age? ? ( Pollan, 183 ) . So, we have started recycling plans, ways of continuing energy, and now we have reasonably much tackled this enterprise called Biotechnology. It allows us to turn nutrients that are able to protect themselves from annoying bugs, while at the same clip bring forthing more and better-qualified nutrient. With biotechnology, the possibilities and its benefits over regulation anything that is considered negative about it. It may be the method of farming that can salvage our universe from famishment in future. Alternatively of utilizing this dearly-won and inefficient manner of farming affecting the impregnation of workss, daily, with tonss of pesticides and weedkillers, these Bt workss are designed to be a batch smarter than that. These workss have the existent pesticide genetically inserted into their Deoxyribonucleic acid make-up. This manner, workss can support themselves from beetles and other destructive bugs that have wiped out complete harvests in the yesteryear. Biotechnology has been described by professionals as? portion of a? new agricultural paradigm? that will do farming more sustainable, feed the universe and better wellness and nutrition? ? ( Pollan, 183 ) . Most husbandmans know how expensive continual crop-dustings of chemicals become, and besides how bad they can be for our environment. Pesticides finally leach into our dirts and contaminate H2O supplies with nitrates and other chemicals that are harmful to any populating thing? s wellness. Insects have been destroying h arvests for 100s of old ages, and go on to in our century as being a truly large job in harvest production. Bt fruits and veggies are able to contend off these insects, and remain healthy right down to the twenty-four hours that they are served on your dinner tabular array. I know what you must be believing, if Bt pesticides are so damaging to wellness when sprayed, so how are pesticides any better when they are inside the vegetable or fruit? The reply is that these biologically engineered nutrients are in fact, really safe. ? EPA designates Messenger [ a type of biologically engineered chemical ] as a Toxicity Category IV merchandise, a appellation reserved for stuffs with the lowest jeopardy potency, ? ( www.edenbio.com ) . The EPA declared them safe to eat, so Bt merchandises are non labeled as merchandises utilizing a Bt pesticide in them. Anyhow, this toxin made in the genetically engineered murphies, and many other biotech workss, is the same insect powder husbandmans have relied on for old ages, merely externally. Trials have been prepared and this research has shown that on worlds, Bt merchandises have no grounds of any kind of allergic reaction or hypersensitivity. Another ground why we should go on utilizing biotechnology is because we have really been devouring these merchandises all along. Food using this method of agriculture has been on our food market shelves for rather some clip now. The EPA doesn? t see these merchandises as existent pesticides, but merely as? additives? to the original nutrient. Additives are non harmful, so why should we worry? If the bureau that is designed to happen incompatibilities in nutrient is back uping biotechnology, so it should decidedly be considered safe. As you can see, we have a batch of believing to make when it considers our future environment. We merely can non utilize up all the foods in our dirt until it all goes rancid, and we surely can non foul our Earth? s resources with pesticides and other chemicals that we use to turn our nutrient. After all, the Earth is the 1 topographic point that provides us with nutrient, so we truly can non harm it for the interest of turning nutrient. We might wake up one twenty-four hours with an Earth that is excessively contaminated to turn nutrient in. So I truly believe that biotechnology is good for many grounds. We will no longer be fouling our dirt and H2O, and in the terminal, we will hold stronger and healthier workss. We will besides hold a much more abundant supply of nutrient that we can portion with many 3rd universe states that can non even give every bit much nutrient as we do now already. So, when be aftering the hereafter, we should see the benefits of biotechnology! 1. Nill, Kimball. ( 2000 ) . Glossary of Biotechnology Footings. New York: Technomic Publishing, Inc. 2. Online. Biotechnology. Http//www.biotechknowledge.com 3. Online. Eden? s Harpin Technology. Http//www.edenbio.com 4. Pollan, Michael. ( 2000 ) . ? Fried, Mashed or Zapped with DNA. ? Positions on Agriculture and the Environment, 183-196.

Introduction to Alcoholism What is it and How Do You Treat it free essay sample

A paper which defines alcoholism and explores various forms of treatment. The paper introduces alcoholism, defining it as a disease that is chronic, incurable and causes the person to need the alcohol in order to function. The paper discusses symptoms of alcoholism and then proceeds to study forms of treatment such as detoxification and AA. Finally, the importance of the social workers role in alcohol treatment is discussed and stressed. One thing that has not been spoken about is how differently a patient will react to treatment if the patient is also suffering from one of the aforementioned conditions. An alcoholic with an addiction to cocaine will certainly react differently in a detox situation than an alcoholic with a nicotine addiction. Not to mention the possible presence of some type of liver damage, or other serious medical problem that could harm the patient far more than the treatment may be prepared for. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Alcoholism: What is it and How Do You Treat it? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Caseworkers face many life-altering decisions when it comes to the management of such cases of alcoholism and their comorbidity. It seems to be so common that research is really needed in order to aid workers recognize all of the possible complications, as well as the more appropriate treatment plan for these patients. (NIAAA, 1991)

The Role of Ipcc in Climate Change Essay Example

The Role of Ipcc in Climate Change Essay Example The Role of Ipcc in Climate Change Essay The Role of Ipcc in Climate Change Essay The Project The Role of IPCC in Setting Climate Change Policy This essay will critically evaluate the role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in setting climate change policy. In order to do this, its latest assessment report (IPCC 2007) will be highlighted. The physical science basis of climate change that IPCC relies on in influencing policy on climate change will be reviewed. IPCCs view of climate change will be shown to be the main stream view of climate change. The essay will also review alternative argument on climate change by other scientists such as Svenmark and Calder (2006). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an organization that was established in 1988 by two organizations namely the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) UPI)(IPCC 2008). Its mandate included the assessment of scientific information related to climate change, evaluation of the environmental and socio-economic consequences of climate change and the formulation of realistic response strategies (IPCC, 2007). Based on its mandate, it can be seen that IPCC was to act as the scientific powerhouse to generate evidence based information on climate change that United Nations and other countries and regional bodies will rely on to formulate their climate change policies. Since its formation, IPCC has produced assessment reports (AR) of the scientific evidence related to climate change and formulated response strategies on actions the international community need to take in order to minimize the impact of climate change. It produced the first assessment report (AR 1) in 1990, AR 2 in 1995, AR 3 in 2001 and the latest one AR 4 in 2007. The 2007 report (AR 4) was the most comprehensive of its reports. It was produced in four different volumes and each volume was launched separately at different times throughout 2007 at different locations under the banner ‘Climate Change 2007. AR 4 confirms most of the conclusions in its earlier documents including : climate change is due mainly to greenhouse gases notable carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere by human activities and responsible for global warming; addressed issues of concern to policy makers in national , regional and multinational agencies; the impact of global warming is real and will continue into the foreseeable future; there is the need for societies to adapt to reduce vulnerability and an analysis of the costs, policies and technology required to minimize the impact of climate change. It claimed that its AR 4 report was produced by 500 lead authors and reviewed by 2000 expert reviewers. There is no doubt that IPCC in its publications since 1990 has profoundly affected climate change policies at all the different levels of government. Smith and Stern (2010) have argued that IPCC provide the science of climate change and the causes and in the process highlights the risks of the phenomenon. It is the information about the risks that enables national governments to formulate policies to manage the risks either unilaterally or multilaterally. There is an international consensus that the challenges posed by climate change is best handled through multilateral agreement because climate change will affect all the countries of the world irrespective of whether or not they contributed to the problem. Hence the United Nation has played a pivotal role in bringing the nations of the world together for discussions on appropriate strategies based on reports by the IPCC. The Kyoto Protocol and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC can all be traced to the version of the science of climate change by IPCC. In fact the contributions of IPCC have been recognised as highly significant by the Nobel Prize Committee which named it as joint recipient of the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. It was a seal of approval for its vital role in influencing the world climate change agenda. One of main highlights of The Kyoto protocol is the requirement for industrialised nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emission as way to mitigate the impact of climate change. This requirement can be traced to IPCC because mitigation strategy is a major strategy advocated by its Working Group 111 (mitigation of climate change). Although many of the nations of the world have signed the protocol, some industrialised nations notably the United States under President George Bush Jnr refused to sign the protocol on the grounds that the protocol did not commit significant polluters such as China and India to compulsory emission limits (Singer 2007). Both China and India have rejected any attempt to limit their emission of greenhouse gases. Singer (2007) has suggested three reasons why both countries are adamant to any mandatory limits. First, these emissions of greenhouse gases were caused by the industrialised nations in the first place during the industrial revolution and hence it is their responsibility to sort it out. Secondly even if the pas t history is discounted, at the present rate of greenhouse gas emissions, the industrialised nations still produce these gases per citizen than the rest of the world. For example, the average US resident produces six times more greenhouse gas than the average Chinese resident and about 18 times than the average India resident. Thirdly, the industrialised nations are much richer and hence better placed to bear the cost of adjusting their lifestyle to climate change without serious impact on their citizens. Perhaps in addition to these reasons there is the underlying perceptions in developing countries that limiting their CO2 emissions will slow down their rate of economic development which can impact on their other social and political policies especially with respect to poverty reduction and employment. The industrialised countries are equally apprehensive of the impact of mitigation policy of climate change on their economic growth. The three main areas of human activities identified by IPCC as responsible for greenhouse gas emissions are energy use in industrial production and transportation where fossils fuels are burnt, agriculture and deforestation. As Stern (2006) argued any mitigation policy will require some forms of action on all these three areas. For example, energy reduction programmes will require the design of a package of mixed economic activities geared towards energy efficiency. He argued that better technology will be required such as energy saving technology and fossil fuel alternatives for cars and vehicles to reduce their carbon input. Innovations will be imperative from the governments and private sectors in the development and deployment of relevant technologies to move economic activities towards low carbon economies. For developing countries to be involved in mitigation policies, they will need external financial assistance for the development of new technologies (Stern 2006). Closely aligned with IPCC strategy on mitigation of climate change is the strategy of adaptation to climate change. This is within the remit of IPCC Working Group 11 (climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability). IPCC is of the view that although the bulk of greenhouse gases are produced in the industrialised countries, the impact of climate change is and will in the future be felt more in the developing countries (IPCC 2007). Due to their greater vulnerability, developing countries will need to adapt their technology and production processes towards better and cleaner environment. Adaptation policies will also involve diversification of opportunities especially in the areas of agriculture and deforestation. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at its meeting in Cancun (UNFCCC 2010) agreed to provide developing countries financial assistance to enable them address the problems of adapting their technology and increasing capacities and opportunities so that they can cope with the impact of climate change. The Convention agreed to strengthen the Kyoto’s protocol on clean Development mechanisms to drive major investments and technology into environmentally sound and sustainable emissions reduction projects in developing countries. Towards this end, the Convention agreed to provide $30 billion from industrialised countries developing countries to support climate change actions up to 2012 and the objective to increase this to $100 billion by 2020 (UNFCCC 2010). IPCC has continued to be at the forefront in defining the scientific basis of climate change that informs climate change policies all over the world. In AR 4, IPCC stated that ‘warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level (IPCC –SPM 2007 : 2). It went further to declare that ‘ most of the observed increase in global average temperature since the mid – 20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations’(IPCC SPM 2007 : 5). This would suggest that it has resolved the dilemma over the cause of global warming because its earlier assessment report in 1990 had expressed that the cause could be anthropogenic (human activity) or due to natural variability of the earth’s temperature. This shift from human activity as the cause of global warming rather than natural variability has dominated the discourse on climate change in the last decade. It seems to be the mainstream view and the scientific basis of much of the strategies it has proposed to tackle the impact of climate change. Stern (2006) has alluded to this mainstream view when he stated that ‘ there is now an overwhelming body of scientific evidence that human activity is causing global warming, with the main sources of greenhouse gases, in order of importance being electricity generation, land use changes (particularly deforestation), agriculture and transportation; the fastest growing sources are transport and electricity’ Stern 2006:1). Another influential source that has supported this mainstream view is the UK based Royal Society. The society has more than 1400 outstanding members from all areas of science, mathematics, engineering and medicine organised in a global scientific network of the highest calibre (The Royal Society 2010). The society’s position seems to endorse the IPCC’s position when it stated that ‘there is strong evidence that changes in greenhouse gas concentrations due to human activity are the dominant cause of the global warming that has taken place over the last half century’( RS 2010 :13). Despite these endorsements of IPCC views on global warming and climate change, there are some criticisms about the organization. The latest assessment report, AR 4 in 2007 was alleged to contain some errors. One of such errors was highlighted by Foley (2010) writing in The Independent newspaper where it was reported that IPCC latest report stated that the Himalayan glaciers would be melted by global warming by 2035 instead of the correct figure 2350. That is a large difference of about 300 years. The IPCC relies on the reports it gets from affiliated research centres such as the Climate Research Unit (CRU) based in East Anglia. The anonymous hacking into the dataset and email of CRU in 2009 in what has been described in the mass media as ‘climategate’ has highlighted some form of manipulation of data by the unit in order to support a particular viewpoint. For example, the raw data used by the CRU in projecting Russian temperature was found to have omitted some data sent to it by some Russian Meteorological stations. Page ( 2009) pointed out that there is an argument by some Russian climate sceptics that if those missing data were included it would have significantly reduce the estimate of Russian temperature. This is a serious error especially when Russia accounts for 12. 5 % of the world’s total landmass and against the backdrop that CRU has always resisted demand for the raw data it uses for its climate change computer modelling (Page 2009). It is doubtful if they had not done the same to other countries in order to strengthen their arguments and position on climate change. There were some other damaging revelations that surfaced in the hacked email released. These have been summarised by Watts ((2009). Firstly, there was the revelation that scientists at the CRU consistently colluded to thwart any Freedom of information requests that would have obliged them to release their raw data and hiding source codes from requests. Secondly, they admitted privately not to use journals that published opposing views and refused to publish such articles in journals that they controlled. Thirdly, it was apparent from their email exchanges that they were privately concerned that there had been no increase in global average temperatures in the last decade and yet they could not explain it because it is contrary to their projections. Data that suggested decrease in temperature were manipulated to hide the decline. Ways were devised to discount warming trends that did not occur in the past when greenhouse gases were increasing. What these revelations suggest is that some of the collaborative institutions that IPCC relies on for scientific evidence for its decisions may actually be feeding it with selective and manipulated data in order to pursue a pre-determined agenda without any regard for opposing views no matter how compelling the arguments. As observed by Calder (2007), there is a tendency for events such as heat waves that supported global warming to make headlines while opposing events like prolonged snow and frost during winter not given the same coverage because it is contrary to the mindset of mainstream views on climate change. Calder (2007) also noted that global air temperatures from America satellites suggest a wobbling or fluctuations between hot and cold with no overall change in temperature since 1999. This levelling pattern he argued is the exact pattern that the rival hypothesis – natural variation of atmospheric temperature by the sun would predict. This antithesis to the greenhouse thesis suggests that the sun is a major driver of climate change than greenhouse gases and that when active it can drive atmospheric temperature up and when lazy down. Hence the earth passes through cycles of hot and cold periods. It would appear that proponents of the climate change due to greenhouse gases produced by human activity are not very enthusiastic about this because the mechanism of how the sun changes the earth’s temperature is not well understood and have categorised sceptics as climate change deniers. Svensmark and Calder (2007) both sceptics have demonstrated experimentally how this can happen. The main postulate of natural variation of weather by the sun is that the degree of cloudiness in the air depends on the number of atomic particles arriving at the solar system from exploding stars. The more they are, the more cloudiness. If the sun’s magnetic field is able to deflect much of the cosmic rays, there will be less cloud in the atmosphere and this will result in global warming. The converse holds. Many journals refused to publish his findings presumably because they were not politically orrect. The Royal Society (2010) while agreeing in broad terms with the position of IPCC, however argued that there are not enough data to understand the mechanisms of cloud formation and its impact on climate change. To complicate this, projections of climate change are sensitive to the way the impact of clouds is represented in computer models of climate change. The society noted that currently ‘individual clouds are represented by more approximate methods. Since there are various ways to make these approximations, the representations can vary in climate models developed at different institutes. The use of these different approximations leads to a range of estimates of climate sensitivity, especially because of differences between models in the response of clouds to climate change’ (Royal Society 2010:14). This would suggest the need for more extensive research on the contributions of natural variations to climate change than is hitherto the case (Coren 2006). Blackman (2009) has noted that in his interview with Hulme, an eminent climatologist and a sceptic of IPCC, did question the almost infallible status given to IPCC in the face of other compelling evidence in favour of alternative theories of the causes of global warming. In the interview, Hulme advocated for a more robust debate on all the possible causes of climate change. It is difficult to understand why a scientific body like IPCC could have made itself so vulnerable to criticisms. Perhaps the clue to the controversies surrounding IPCC may be due to the structural problems within the organization. For a start, IPCC has only a core staff of 10 people. It has thousands of volunteer scientists who contribute to the work of IPCC. They are not paid by IPCC (IPCC 2011). Authors, contributors, reviewers and other experts are selected by IPCC from a list of nominations received from governments and participating organizations. The three Working Groups of IPCC are hosted and financially supported by the Government of the developed country co – chair of the working Group. The plenary session that approves reports and budgets is made up of government representatives from all member countries, agencies and research institutions that probably have some links with governments. This sort of structure makes IPCC to be heavily politicised at the expense of good science. Governments’ vested interest in climate change debate can be interpreted as self serving because IPCC findings give them the perfect excuse to tax individuals for their carbon footprint. Motorists may find themselves targeted by all manner of taxes on the excuse of climate change. So it is in the best interest of the politicians to exert pressure on IPCC even when such pressure has the potential to lead to bad science. There are indications that some of the scientific evidence they rely on are published in carefully selected journals and commissioned reports by some pressure groups without any form of peer review. It is not surprising therefore that they have been criticised for being economical with the truth by making vague and imprecise statements they know will be difficult to refute but nonetheless accord them with ‘high confidence’ status That was the allegation made by the Inter-Academy Council that was set up to investigate errors in the IPCC assessment report 4 (Foley 2010). IPCC as a scientific organization has no laboratory of its own but has to rely on specially designated centres such as the CRU involved in ‘climategate’. In conclusion, the role of IPCC in setting policy on climate change is commendable. It has advocated policies of mitigation and adaptation as strategies to avert the anticipated effects of global warming. It was highlighted that it structure is too tied to national governments and agencies and this is politicising its scientific evidence base. There is the need to have on board sceptics and promote robust debate instead of labelling them as deniers. References Blackman S (2009) Top British Boffin : Time to ditch the climate consensus. Online : www. theregister. co. uk. Accessed on 5/4/2011. Calder N (2007) An experiment that hints we were wrong on climate change. Online : www. timesonline. co. uk. Accessed on 5/4/2011. Foley S (2010) IPCC feels the heat as it is told to get its facts right. Online : www. independent. co. uk/environment/climatechange. Accessed on 3/3/2011. Coren M (2006) The science debate behind climate change. Online: www. articles. cnn. com. Accessed on 10/4/2011. Watts A (2009) Climate ‘Men behaving badly – a short summary for laymen. Online: www. wattsup. com. Accessed on 10/4/2011. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007. Synthesis for Policymakers. Summary for policymakers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC (2008) Climate Change 2007. Synthesis Report. Geneva : IPCC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC (2011) structure: how does the IPCC works? Geneva : iPCC. Page L (2009) CRU cherry picked Russian climate data. Online: www. theregister. co. uk. Accessed on 9/4/2011. Singer P (2007) A fair deal on climate change. Online: www. policyinnovations. org/ideas. Accessed on 10/4/2011. Smith L and Stern L (2010). Uncertainty, ambiguity and the risk in forming climate policy. In : Discussion Meeting on Handling uncertainty in science. London: The Royal Society. Stern N (2006) What is the economics of climate change? World Economics. 7 (2): 1-10. Svensmark H and Calder N (2007) The chilling Stars. A new theory of climate change. Cambrdge: Icons Books Ltd. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2010) United Nations climate change conference in Cancun. Bonn: UNFCCC. The Royal Society (2010) Climate Change: A Summary of the Science. London: TRS. Watts A (2009) Climategate ‘Mem behaving badly’ – a short summary for laymen. Online: www. wattsup. com Accessed on 11/4/2011.

What to Expect When Getting Your Drug Test At Work

What to Expect When Getting Your Drug Test At Work Pre-employment drug screening is definitely a practice you should be aware of. Depending on the job you get, your sobriety can affect your job performance- even the safety and lives of other people. Employers are eager to make sure they can trust you and your judgment. Some employers are actually federally obligated to screen employees, such as the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Tests are much more likely in trucking industry, aviation, or mass transit, or for anyone hoping to work with NASA or the Department of Defense.Test TypesThere are two kinds of drug tests: the 5-panel test screen, and the 10-panel test. The 5-panel test screens for the following:CocaineAmphetamine/MethamphetamineOpiates (like heroin, codeine, and morphine)Phencyclidine or PCPTHC (marijuana)The 10-panel test screens for the following:CocaineAmphetamineMethamphetamineOpiates such as heroin, codeine and morphinePhencyclidine or PCPTHC (marijuana)Pro poxypheneMethadoneBarbituratesBenzodiazepinesSome marijuana use might go undetected, particularly if the THC has been removed, as in medical marijuana). Other drugs, like prescription pain medication, might show up. If you’re using any prescription drugs, you should disclose this information before the test- particularly pain medications, certain weight-loss supplements, and drugs like Xanax, Valium, Rohypnol, and Ativan. And if you live in a state where recreational pot use is legal, or you have a prescription for medical marijuana, you might want to consider chatting with an employment lawyer about your options if a drug test scenario comes up.Know the Rules and Your RightsA lot of employers reserve the right to test again once you’re employed. They can ask for a test regularly or randomly, and can demand a test on short notice, giving employees no time to try and cheat.There are limits to how much an employer is allowed to test, given the invasion of privacy. If you feel your rights have been violated, consult the employment laws of your state. Remember: you are also not required to take a test from a prospective employer. Just keep in mind, that might well cost you the job.Know  What You’re Getting IntoA few things to keep in mind to make sure you don’t lose a job to a failed drug test:Most tests are urine tests, though this is changing. Saliva tests (easier to pass as they only go back three days), and hair tests (which go back 90 days) are also possible. Employers could even ask to test your blood or nails.You can’t just drink an enormous quantity of water or exercise heavily to get a particular drug to clear your system- that’s mostly a myth.Certain drugs will stay in different people’s systems for different lengths of time. This depends on a number of factors, including individual metabolism, rate and quantity of use, the concentration, etc. The sensitivity of the test is also variable.

The Summary Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Summary Report - Essay Example igation in different terms, policies and steps to prevent the change, and some other crucial factors that pose hinders in the way of the mitigation of climate change. In the context of growing concern for the global warming â€Å"Summery For Policymakers† is an attempt to save the environment from further disasters caused by global warming. During the recent years the changes that are evidenced in the climate of the world, are a matter of great concern for the scientists and the common people of the world. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report attempts to find out the ways of mitigation of climate change. For the sake of conveniences, the report renders various aspects of climate change, such as social, environmental, economic aspects, in order to accomplish the task of mitigation fruitfully. The report mainly focuses on the following topics: the trend in the emission of Greenhouse Gas, its mitigation in different terms, policies and steps to prevent the change, and some other crucial factors that pose hinders in the way of the mitigation of climate change. Studies show that emissions of Greenhouse Gas have increased seventy percent over the years from 1970 to 2004. Both man-made and natural factors are responsible for the increase of the emission of the Greenhouse gas. Among the human activity related factors development of science and increasing use of technologies are the major factors that are the most responsible for the apparently abrupt growth rate of green house gases- carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, etc. â€Å"The emissions of these gases have increased at different rates† (IPCC, 2007, p. 3). In the study, a thing is remarkable that the emission of greenhouse gases was violent around the years from 1990 to 2004. During these years the violent emissions of Greenhouse gases occurred mainly in the energy supply sector. The emission rate is about 145 percent. The emission scenario is as following: 120 percent from transport, from industry 65 percent, from

Contract and tort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract and tort - Essay Example In the past, liability was automatically imposed for causing injury to another, and this was the province of tort. On the other hand, contract law applied liability, only if there was consent among the parties. However, there is some commonality between the contract and tort laws. This has induced some plaintiffs to proceed against the defendant, under one of these laws. Although, it is not permissible to recover damages twice for the same injury, claimants have taken an active interest in exploring the possibilities offered by these two bodies of law. In fact, a plaintiff may recover by suing in contract, in order to circumvent some difficulty presented by the tort law to his action.3 The situation obtaining in this regard has been clearly described in their Lordships ruling in Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd. In this case the House of Lords held that the defendant company was concurrently liable.4 As such, the defendants in this case were held liable under both contract and tort law. ... Syndicates Ltd directed that irrespective of the relevant nature of the damage,5 concurrent liability betwixt contract and the tort of negligence was to be conceded.6 The situation prevailing, on account of the tort law has no bearing upon the law of restitution, which remains independent of the tort law. However, the tort committed does not inescapably constitute the basis of the recovery. It is the enrichment that results from the invasion or appropriation of the protected interest of the plaintiff that constitutes the basis of recovery.7 Not surprisingly, establishing the elements of the tort of interference is not indispensable for permitting recovery. It is an incontrovertible fact that new needs have arisen, which have not been adequately addressed by the traditional concepts that emerged from tort law.8 This serves to unequivocally demonstrate the independence of restitutionary claims. The principle of concurrent liability in contract and tort was recognised with Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners. In this case, it was held by the court that there could be a claim in tort, despite the existence of a contractual remedy.9 The ruling in Hedley Byrne states that assuming responsibility does not place the defendant under a duty of reasonable care to benefit the plaintiff. Jane Stapleton, an eminent legal scholar, has contended that the tort of negligence usually comes into play, with regard to a negligent failure to benefit. In such cases, it is the general practice to impose liability under the tort of negligence. As a consequence, it would be incorrect to consider such cases under contractual liability. 10 This stance is based on the notion that the commencement of the performance of a beneficial service by the defendant immediately places him in a

A study on gender differences in computer science Essay Example for Free

A study on gender differences in computer science Essay A study on gender differences in computer science field found that despite males and females entering kindergarten with an equal ability in overall mathematics and science performance levels, there was an observable gender gap in mathematics and science by the end of 5th grade (Varma 2010, p. 303). By the end of 5th grade, students perceive that mathematics, science, and computing is for white males (Clewell Braddock 2000, p.90). This trend identified by Varma (2010, p.303) continues from 5th grade through to high school graduation, resulting in males and females entering university with different achievement levels in mathematics and science (Varma 2010, p.303). Due to the differing achievement levels, males predictably had a higher confidence level and positive attitude than females (Varma 2010, p.303). Doube and Lang (2012, p. 66) found that males had a higher self-concept in STEM fields than females despite an equivalent and sometimes lower level of achievement. Females\ low confidence level could also deter them from selecting and persisting in computing courses (Doube Lang 2012, p.66). Vitores and Gil-Juarez (2016, p.666) found there is a decline in the number of women selecting computing and information technology (IT) degree programs across the world. Women found their teachers\ perceptions of female students to be generally lower than those of the male students which also resulted in a decrease in self-confidence and an increase in anxiety toward their field of study (Beyer et al. 2005, p.393). Due to insufficient training and unequal emphasis to male and female students, one significant factor for cultural reproduction is teachers being held responsible for continuing the belief that males dominate the mathematics, science and computing fields (Varma 2010, p.302) giving status to science and technology (Male, Bush Murray 2009, p.456). Male (2010, p.462) suggests that in order to improve the retention of female engineering students, engineering administrators must investigate the existing assumed gender neutral cultures rather than making women fit the current structure. Varma (2010, p.314) suggests teachers in primary and high school need to improve their style of teaching instead of continuing the belief that females are more suited to humanities, social sciences and arts and males are suited to mathematics, sciences, and computing. Another significant factor for cultural reproduction is the lack of significant female role models in computing which would help to change the perception of stereotypes in the field from \geeky\ or \nerdy\ (Varma 2010, p.303). Stereotypes such as antisocial \ geeks\ and having a career that doesn\t require or value personal skills or a career that doesn\t necessarily help others has been identified as a deterrent to female involvement in the computing discipline (Doube Lang 2012, p.66). Sorby (2007, p.2) proposes that \female role models and mentors will be important to increasing gender diversity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics\ due to women in male-dominated professions reporting they felt threatened by negative stereotypes. Researchers have found that 3D spatial skills such as mentally rotating objects in space are critical to success in a variety of careers, particularly in engineering and science (Sorby 2007, p.1). Several researchers have published evidence to suggest that female spatial skills are greatly behind that of a male (Sorby 2007, p.2). One theory is that spatial ability is related to a male sex hormone, however, the skill is most likely due to a number of factors such as pre-university activities requiring hand-eye coordination such as playing with construction toys, high school classes like shop/woodwork, playing computer games and sports (Sorby 2007, p.2). Sorby (2007, p.2) states that \ since most of those activities have a fairly high degree of gender bias favoring men, it is no wonder that the spatial skills of women often fall behind those of their male peers\. In conclusion, meritocracy is not the reason a greater number of males study the Science, Engineering, Technology and Mathematics (STEM) field over females. The lower number of females in higher education STEM enrolments could be due to teachers continuing the belief that males dominate the mathematics, science and computing fields, a lack of role models for women resulting in low confidence and anxiety in this field, stereotypes such as \nerds\ and \geeks\ deterring women from enrolling and gender bias with pre-university activities which don\t allow women to develop the same skills useful to the STEM field. All of these factors could contribute toward males believing they are better suited to the STEM field, resulting in higher enrolments over females. 4102.0 Australian Social Trends 2012, \Education Differences between Men and Women\, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 6 October 2017, http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Sep+2012#HIGHER Barnett, S 2007, \Complex Questions Rarely Have Simple Answers\, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. iii. Doube, W Lang, C 2012, \Gender and Stereotypes in Motivation to Study Computer Programming for Careers in Multimedia\, Computer Science Education, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 63-78. Male, S, Bush, M Murray, K 2009, \Think Engineer, Think Male?\, European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 455-464. Sorby, S 2007, \Developing 3D Spatial Skills for Engineering Students\, Australasian Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 13, no.1, pp. 1-12. Varma, R 2010, \Why So Few Women Enroll in Computing? Gender and Ethnic Differences in Students\ Perception\, Computer Science Education, vol. 20 no. 4, pp.301-316. Vitores, A Gil-Juarez, 2016, \The Trouble with \Women in Computer\: a Critical Examination of the Deployment of Research on the Gender Gap in Computer Science\, Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 666-680.

Electronic Music :: Art

Electronic Music Lets go back to 1916 where Hugo Balle, Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco, and Richard Hue- Isenbeck are finding the Dada artistic movement. These guys are a bunch of anarchists living in Zurich, Switzerland. The Dada movement preaches the â€Å"essence of spirit† the freedom of expression, hatred to â€Å"the great war† (or what we later called World War 1) , with a want to preserve the middle class, while humankind was degrading morally, with little or no hopes for a bright future. This goes in context with this CS3 course in how before world war 1, man thought so much was to come. The Dada movement expressed the deterioration or our civilizations due to wars through sound and not words. They thought sound was more sincere and liberal. These guys noticed that music doesn’t have a specific language, so more people can relate to it. They would rebel against what was happening in the world by creating music based on industrial noises. You have to think that back then everyone listened to polka, piano, and Stravinsky. When all of a sudden this â€Å"Dada† movement started using tools to bang on pots and pans to create music. It was not in any way popular, but these guys contributed the base for â€Å"Electronic Music†. Electronic Music is basically making noises into music not by instruments, but rather through alternative sources. The Dada Movement didn’t use electricity to make their music mainly because it’s the early 20th century and electricity was somewhat a luxury. So to be honest it was in the 1920’s that the worlds first synthesizer was born officially launching an era still very active today in all of our lives, yes, called electronic music. The first instrument was made by a Russian electronics genius named Leon Theremin and he called his synthesizer a â€Å"Theremin†. The cool thing about this synth is that it didn’t have a keyboard like synths do now; it was simply a device that senses changes in electromagnetic waves. Basically you stand in front of it and wave your hands back in fourth and it will make noises and tones out of that. So as everyone else go into Hollywood and Rock N Roll, the world was still not speaking the same language of music. People in the Middle East listened to Um-Kilthoum at the same time Elvis was dancing to the Jail House Rock.

Introduction To Top Glove Corporation Berhad Essay

Top Glove Corporation was Started In 1991 In the Beginning Top Glove Company had just 1 Factory 3 Production lines and 100 Staff, but Now it Has Become the Most Successful and Largest Rubber Glove manufacture resulting in 25 factories which they had just 1 one when they started and now has 470 Production lines and a capacity to produce 41.1 Billion Gloves per Annum. Top Glove Corporation has more than 10 Branches Not In Malaysia but has also Spread In China and Thailand The Main Activities of Top Glove are Investment holdings and provision of Management services. Top Glove are one of the largest latex gloves, nitrile, surgical, household, Cleanroom,Vinyl and more types of glove Producer and meets High Quality Products and meets the Increasing expectations of the International Top Glove Corporation was Listed 2nd In Malaysian Bourse and within a year It was promoted to the Capital city of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (Bursa Saham) . It consists Shareholder fund worth 1.28Billion with an annual turnover which is almost 2.31Billion as at financial year ended 31 August 2012.Tan Sri Lim the Founder of Top Glove Achievements has A Huge Credit for Company’s Success Not Only Tan sri Lim But the Highly Committed and Motivation of Board of Directors Together with 11000 Strong Work Force. Customers are the Important Factor for Top Glove Company their motive is to Provide High Quality Products with affordable cost and To Provide them the best customer service. The Company is looking forward To Invest IN R&D IT and Automation to make sure to Improve The Quality and Production Efficiency. Looking At the Future Top Glove’s Objective is to Capture 30% of the Global Market share by 2015, (Top Glove, 2013) (EMIS, 2013) 1.1 TOP GLOVE CORPORATION VISION AND MISSION â€Å"We Strive to be the World’s Leading Manufacture with Excellent Quality Glove Products and Service enrich and Protect Human Lives† CORPORATE MISSION: â€Å"To Be World Class Glove Manufacturer by providing top Quality products with Excellent services through continuous Improvements and Innovation† (Top Glove, 2013) 1.2 KEY EXECUTIVES Wee Chai Lim Chairman Kim Meow LeeManaging Director Cheong Guan LimExecutive Director Siew Bee TongExecutive Director Arshad Bin AyubIndependent Non-Executive Director (Company) 1.3 CHAIRMAN LIM WEE CHAI PROFILE: (Top Glove Corporation Berhad, 2012) Lim Wee chai is a Malaysian citizen aged 54; He was graduated in Bachelor of Science degree in physics from University Malaya and completed his master degree in business administration Sul Ross State University in Texas, United States. Lim wee chai was appointed as a chairman at top glove corporation on 4th September 2000. Top glove Corporation Berhad was started with only 3 production lines under the Chairman lim wee chai Leadership and visions top glove have become world’s largest rubber glove producers and has captured 25% of the world market share. The company now has more than 23 factories and 457 production lines in Malaysia and on the other counties which are china and Thailand. The Production capacity is to produce 40 billion pieces of gloves per annum, over thousands of customer’s demand in more than 185 Countries. He has received 10 awards for his achievements success and contribution towards the Glove Industry (Top Glove Corporation Berhad, 2012) 2.0 INTRODUCTION TO HARTALEGA HOLDINGS BERHAD (Hartalega, 2013) Hartalega Berhad Manufacture and sell latex and Nitrile gloves.The company’s latex and Nitrile gloves consists of examination and Surgical, Laboratory, Clean room gloves, atomic power plant etc.It also deals in retail and wholesale of gloves, Property leasing research and development of automation systems. Hartalega was established in 1988 with the vision to produce gloves to protect the important thing which is Life, Hartalega Used to be  One line operation in the beginning but now it is one of the most largest Company with 53 Production lines, and a capability to produce 12 Billion gloves Per Year. Since the Start, Hartalega every single operation is been dedicated to Tradition of Excellence, they are delivering the best quality through state of the art equipment, high quality system and dedicated workers their products are high recognized all over the world Hartalega Success is Because of their loyal customers and Consistent improvements in quality of products, reliable service with efficiency by the culture of open and honest approach to business. Hartalega has Huge Market all over the world which are in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia Malaysia Hartalega is the company which has produced a lot types of products compare of it’s competitors and they are first one who has produced it which are Polymer Coated Powder-Free Examination Gloves, Low Protein Latex Examination Gloves, Robotic glove stripping system which helps to strip gloves off from the production lines, first one to produce high-stress relaxation NBR Examination and Surgical gloves, first industry to use oil Palm Empty fruit bunches as biomass fuel to produce heat for production process and Many More products which had produce 1st the Industry. Hartalega has earned a lot of Awards Because of their hard work, dedication and motivation. (Hartalega, 2013) (Businessweek, 2013) 2.1 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1. Kuan Kam HonExecutive Chairman and Managing Director 2. Chuah Phaik SimIndependent Non-Executive Director 3. Dato Mohamed ZakIndependent Non-Executive Director 4. Kuan Mun KengNon-Independent Executive Director 5. Kuan Mun LeongNon-Independent Executive Director 6. Liew Ben PohNon-Independent Non-Executive Director (Haralega, 2012) (Hartalega Holding Berhad, 2012) 2.2 HARTALEGA CHAIRMAN PROFILE: (Hartalega Holding Berhad, 2012) Kuan Kam Hon aged 65, Is the Executive chairman and Managing Director at  Hartalega, he was appointed on May 7, 2007. Kuan Kam Hon is responsible for all business strategic plannings and whole operations in the group including research and development, He started his Career in the construction company named kuan Yuen & Sons Company which was a well-known construction company in 1970’s, in 1981 he formed Hartalega Sdn Bhd Under his leadership Hartalega has now become a reputable producers of latex gloves in the industry in Malaysia and is public listed in bursa Malaysia. He has created a set of Management with Higher standards and encourages creativity and innovation to produce highly-skilled personnel. (Hartalega Holding Berhad, 2012) 3.0 RUBBER GLOVE INDSUTRY ANALYSIS The rubber demand has been increased rapidly high after the H1N1 Pandemic in 2010. Rubber glove industry is going to witness Lower demand as there is no Huge Disease found in Humans, Plants or Animals since last year, Rubber Glove Industry totally depends on its usage on medical sector, Industry has been facing recession time to time. Malaysia is the largest Producer and exporter of Rubber gloves at present, Malaysian industry of rubber gloves has high Demand all over the world, Top Producers of Rubber gloves are, Top Glove, Supermax, Kossan rubber industry and Hartalega. Malaysian Industry exports to the US, Europe, Latin America, China and India, Us is the largest Importer of Rubber Gloves as their expenditure on Health Care has gone high as percentage of GDP Since 2000. UK and European Countries are following the same trend of using more hygienic products. And is expected for other countries as well Demand for Rubber gloves Have Increased in Countries like India, China and Brazil in the recent years as they are more concerned to their healthcare and wants to use hygienic Products, Demand for lower-end powdered latex gloves is high in developing countries who are more cost conscious which is cheaper than powder-free latex and nitrile gloves, The Developed countries such as US and Europe prefer to use Powder-free latex and Nitrile gloves. (Koncept Analysis, 2012) 4.0 FUTURE OUTLOOK OF RUBBER GLOVE INDUSTRIES 4.1 HIGH DEMAND OF GLOVES: Rubber Glove Industry will be having long term  demand for their products from the highly developed Countries. Emerging economies may possibly drive high future demand as their population is increasing, they are more aware of the importance of hygienic products in medical sectors as will be having high demand of High quality of Healthcare products and services. Health Care Expenditures is increasing for most developed Countries, which has increased demand for gloves, which may affect increase in cost but still can be manageable. Gas and Labor cost are expected to be increase In 2013, but no sure if that can make a huge impact of Glove market (lee, 2012) 4.2 STABLE MARKET SHARE, CAPACITY TO INCREASE: Top 4 Glove Producers may not become M &A Targets. Kossan Rubber industry may have a chance of being such a target if we pick among the four Largest Producers. The Rubber Glove Companies are increasing their production capacity to remain in the competition. Annual Capacity growth is expected to be about 18% or 14.2BN pieces in 2013 (lee, 2012) 4.3 RISKS INVOVLED IN RUBBER GLOVE INDUSTRIES: Rubber Glove Industries can face various kinds of risks which are as follows: 1. Competitors in this Industry have aggressively expended their capacity plans this can result in an oversupply 2. Sharp instability in latex costs and foreign currencies resulting in near term margin squeeze 3. Political Risk, domestic and regional, Glove manufactures source 50% of their raw material from Thailand. Risk is low production of NR latex and lower supply at glove manufacturers 4. Infrastructural bottle necks and Labor Shortages : Supply of Malaysia’s Natural Gas is reached its maximum point to the Glove industries and new allocations are expected to come, any delay in new allocation will become a huge problem for Glove Industries for that they have to use alternative fuel for production with higher cost (Michelle Foong, 2012) 5.0 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 5.1 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR TOP GLOVE CORPORATION BERHARD 5.3 PROFITABLITY: Profitability ratios shows that profit earning capacity of a business for the sake of clear understanding profitability ratios classified into two categories general profitability ratios and overall profitability ratios, The gross profit margin ratio (or gross margin ratio) provides clues to the company’s pricing, cost structure and production efficiency. A low profit margin ratio indicates that low amount of earnings, required to pay fixed costs and profits are generated from revenues. (Thukaram, 2007). Top Glove Corporation gross profit margin has been increased as compare with the profit ratio in 2011 and 2012, 2011 it was 11.44% in 2012 its 16.63 same goes for net profit margin, but with less expenses. Top glove Corporation profit earning capacity has been increased impressively Profitability 2012 2011 Gross profit margin Net profit Margin Expenses margin 16,63 – 9,87 = 6.76% 11,44 – 6,57 = 4.87% 5.4 LIQUIDITY: Liquidity ratios provides information on the time structure of debt and the firm’s ability to meet its short term obligation Current ratio is balance-sheet financial performance measure of company liquidity. Current ratio indicates a company’s ability to meet short-term debt obligations. The current ratio measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. Quick ratio is viewed as a sign of a company’s financial strength or weakness; it gives information about a company’s short term liquidity. The ratio tells creditors how much of the company’s short term debt can be met by selling all the company’s liquid assets at very short notice. (Emilio Colombo, 2006).Liquidity ratios shows ability of the company to pay back its debts which top glove has improved  from 3.12:1 to 2.95:1 in 2012 LIQUIDITY 2012 2011 Current ratio Quick Ratio 5.5 EFFICIENCY: Efficiency ratios measure how efficiently a firm uses its resources. The average collection period shows the average number of days it takes your business to collect payment for sales to customers on credit, The accounts payable turnover ratio shows how quickly your business pays its bills and how often payables turn over during the year. Trends in the accounts payable turnover ratio demonstrates how your business handles its outgoing payments and can help you assess the cash situation of your business. This efficiency ratios shows that top glove fixed asset turnover has been increased from 2.9 in 2011 to 2.93% in 2012 debtors collection time has also slight more efficient compared to 2011 it was 47 days in 2012 it is 46 days meanwhile creditor payment is facing more delays compared to previous year which was 39days in 2011 turn into 44days in 2012 (Emilio Colombo, 2006) EFFICIENCY 2012 2011 Fixed asset turnover Debtors collection Creditor payment Stock Turnover 5.6 CAPITAL STRUCTURE: Capital Structure is a mix of a company’s long term debt, specific short-term debt, and common equity and preferred equity. The capital Structure is how a  firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds. The interest coverage ratio indicates the extent of which earnings are available to meet interest payments. A interest cover ratio means less earnings are available to meet interest payments and that the business is more vulnerable to increases in interest rates. Capital Structure 2012 2011 Interest Cover Gearing ratio INVESTORS: Financial ratios are used to analyze company performance, Return of equities investors is much greater than that applied to debentures may be because this investment class have a huge risk, and ordinary shareholder are the best group of investors for an organizations. The Price earning ratio for an organization is used to compare the financial position of a company compare to other organizations, this means the better financial position of a company is according to PE Ratios the lower risks is for its investors and shareholders. Organizations which want to expand their dividends will seek to over a large amount of their earnings; whereas organizations which have high cash holdings are able to pay higher dividends if they wish to, the relation between dividends and earnings are calculated by dividend cover (Woods, 1999). Investors 2012 RM’000 2011 RM’000 ROCE ROE EPS 0,3277 0,1829 Earning Yield Dividend Payout Dividend Retention 1 – 0,478 = 0,52 1 – 0,59 = 0,41 6.0 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS FOR HARTALEGA HOLDINGS BERHAD 6.1 PROFITABLITY: These figures shows that Hartalega’s gross profit margin was 37.15% In 2011and it is Decreased in 2012 to 31.85%, Net profit margin is also decreased in 27.9% 2012 which was 33.4% in 2011 it tell that company is underperforming compared to last year’s performance. But expenses are decreased from 4.75% to 3.95% Profitability 2012 2011 Gross profit Net Profit Margin Expenses Margin 31,85 – 27,9 = 3.95% 37,15 – 32.4 = 4.75% 6.2 LIQUIDITY: This Table shows Liquidity of Hartalega Company their ability to pay their debts is Increased compared to 2011 which was 3.63:1 Now increased to 4.42:1 in current ratio. If we measure that in quick ratio it also shows an Increase from 2.81:1 to 3:28 Liquidity 2012 2011 Current Ratio Quick Ratio 6.3 EFFICIENCY: This table shows The Figures how Efficiently hartalega corporation is using their resources in 2011 their fixed asset turnover was 2.11 which is increased to 2.45% it tells us that and debtors collection period is decreased from 50 days to 46 days so they are collecting their debts earlier compared to previous year and creditor period in also decreased from 45 days to 35 days they are able to pay back their Creditors earlier than 2011 and stock turnover is also increased from 51 days to 56 days. This table tells us that hartalega is using their resources very efficiently Efficiency 2012 2011 Fixed asset turnover Debtors collection period Creditor payment Stock turnover 6.4 CAPITAL STRUCTURE: Capital Structure 2012 2011 Interest Cover Gearing Ratio INVESTORS: Investors 2012 2011 ROCE ROE EPS 0,2765 pence 0,2618 pence Earning Yield Dividend Payout Dividend Retention 1 – 0,43 = 0,57 1 – 0,29 = 0,71 7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Rubber Glove industry has huge demand in market and in future it will be demanded even more Developed Countries and developing countries are very concerned to use Hygenic products in their medical sectors and so their medical care expenditures will be increasing the demand for Gloves will also be increasing. As For Under developed Countries If there is a hope for them to Increase their Economy and they will also be concerned to use hygienic products like other Developed Countries demand for the Rubber Gloves will go even higher. Malaysia has dominated the Rubber Glove Industry and Is the King of rubber gloves. Top Rubber and latex gloves manufacturing companies are In Malaysia So there is a lot more competition with in Malaysia on this Business and all the companies are trying to improve their   capacity top Glove Manufacturing companies In Malaysia are Top Glove and Hartalega which are performing extremely well in this business and their products are demanding all over the world. Malaysian Organizations are the largest world exports of rubber gloves industry where as other countries like Thailand have no Competition with Malaysian Industries the Biggest Strength of Malaysian industries are their labor production each worker in the rubber glove industry are three times more productive than Thailand and Indonesian workers. So there is Nothing to worry about at the moment that some Country Might take over their Market. There are few things Which has to be considered are political relations with other countries, Thailand supplies 50% of Raw Material to make gloves to Malaysia. Any Political Issue can cause a lot of problems to the Rubber Glove manufactures. Bibliography Businessweek, 2013. http://investing.businessweek.com. [Online] Available at: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=HART:MK [Accessed 7 July 2013]. Emilio Colombo, L.S., 2006. Contribution to economics. In M.B. Werner A Muller, ed. Financial Market Imperfections and Corporate Decisions. New york: Physica-Verlag. p.174. EMIS, 2013. http://www.securities.com. [Online] Available at: http://www.securities.com/Public/company-profile/MY/Top_Glove_Corporation_Bhd_en_1663501.html [Accessed 7 July 2013]. Haralega, 2012. Unlocking Potential. Annual Report. Kuala Lumpur: Haralega Holdings Berhad. Hartalega Holding Berhad, 2012. Unlocking Potential. Annual report. Kuala Lumpur: Hartalega Holdings Hartalega Holdings. Hartalega, 2013. Hartalega.com. [Online] Available at: http://hartalega.com.my. [Accessed 7 July 2013]. Koncept Analysis, 2012. http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2097332/global_rubber_gloves_market_an_analysis_2012. [Online] Koncept An alsysis Available at: http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2097332/global_rubber_gloves_market_an_analysis_2012 [Accessed 8 July 2013]. lee, J., 2012. Malaysia Equity. Investment research daily, 1, p.23. Michelle Foong, 2012. Rubber Gloves Gloving the world. Research. Global Market Research Companies. Thukaram, R.M., 2007. Management Accounting. In Management Accounting. 1st ed. New Delhi: New Age International(P) Limited Publishers. p.588. Top Glove

A Beach

Wisps of warm tropical air brushed gently against my face as the soft white sand caressed my feet. A warm sheet of humidity enveloped me as my eyes gazed along the long beach that reminded me of a long carpet. Occasional tourists dotted the tranquil beach enjoying the magical sunset while sipping a tropical cocktail. A low rumble followed by a sharp crackle was heard as a Jet Ski raced along the pellucid water like a shark chasing its prey. Smoke trailed from its outboard motor as it continued its rapid advancement along the beach towards the Jetty that stuck out of he shore.I slowly turned back up the road and nonchalantly headed towards the teeming town. Nestled in a quiet street near the heart of the town I decided to try a small cafe that had misty white walls and affable staff. Slowly the day was breaking too close as the sun began to retreat behind the clouds far off in the distance where the sparkling ocean met an empty white abyss. The hustle and bustle of night activity beca me evident as dusk set. Vendors pushed their rattling trolleys along the long walkways that were cramped with tourists setting if on their dally stroll exploring the large network of alleyways. Enjoyed the intricate architecture that so delicately defined the rich culture. The architects here do not design buildings; they merely interpret the traditional rules. As I wandered the town my eyes were drawn to the baroque detail that was infused into the traditional buildings that dotted the streets. I noticed the countless statues of gods that lined the streets, I wondered why this was unheard of from where I came from. The people here played out their peaceful lives, innocent of the litany of excess and lenience that plagued the world around It.However, I was soon to find out that this wasn't going to last for long. Slamming on my hotel room door woke me up hastily the next morning. I peered out of the small hole and was alarmed to see a petrified looking hotel staff. Immediately, I op ened my door and that was when he spilled the dreadful news to me. A tsunami was In bound and was estimated to hit the imperiled coast in less than an hour. A sense of panic inhibited me as I turned around and threw my bag on the bed and began to shove all my clothes In It.For the first time, I was fearful as I knew that the calm waves had stirred from its deep sleep and was coming to shatter the peace and halcyon that seemed to be intertwined into this serene island. Without further distractions I managed to turn on the television and flicked to the first news channel there was. I stared at the screen silently as my body was consumed in shock. The tsunami was going to hit the shore at 300 kilometers an hour in 5 minutes. I fought the panic that had engulfed me and picked up my day pack with all my essentials before running towards the hotel exit.A lonely tear trickled down my red cheeks as I continued running out onto a crowded street. Consternation had seized the whole population as people hastened towards the mall road that led out of town. 1 OFF the top floors and praying for the best. As I looked at my watch I realized that it had been 5 minutes already. A wicked trepidation had paralyses me as I began to picture myself dying. I heard a low rumble similar to that of a Jet ski. However, this was a rumble that brought fear into the eyes of the brave and made the whole island fall silent.I peered out to sea as I dad my way back to the hotel. I stopped walking. My body was glued to the floor. It was an overflowing perpetual of water. A monster. The waves came crashing on to the shore about a mile from where I stood. By the time it had struck I was safely on the sixth floor and was watching its dark blue opaque claws tear up everything in its path. It annihilated the low lying buildings that have stood majestically for years. I was enveloped in a dark blanket that dampened my sense and left me in a bubble.I heard screams for help as the waves surged through th e island demolishing everything like a bulldozer. It was an army that could not be defeated powered by the temperamental mother nature. Silence fell as the waves retreated back to the shore. It dragged with it the roofs of the ancient pagodas and the tangled metal frames of motor vehicles. I stared solemnly as I saw the occasional body floating; lifeless. Cessation hung in the air. This beautiful island had met its watery grave. There were no screams. There was no time. The nebulous ocean had spoken. There was an overhanging silence. A lapse in time.

Life of Pi Essays

Life of Pi Essays Life of Pi Essay Life of Pi Essay Essay Topic: Life Of Pi Here in Life of Pi the protagonist’s battle for endurance in the center of an unheedful ocean is done in a tone that echoes the sound of a well-written work of fiction being read out aloud. Life of Pi is a narrative about fighting to last through apparently unsurmountable odds. The shipwrecked dwellers of the small lifeboat don’t merely profess to their destiny: they actively fight against it. The human head is an astonishing instrument. In the face of the horrors of life. it creates a charming narrative that allows it to go on populating with truths otherwise might non be able to accept. The battle for being. the battle for endurance. and the interior strength we have to happen and chasten before we can go maestro of our being. are all worlds which we have trouble acknowledging. The battle is with a immature male that is vegetarian and Richard Parker is the capitalist within himself that he must fight to get the better of so he can be free to populate the manner he wants to. as a wholly tolerant of all things vegetarian in Canada. While Pi has been hungering. and the fish offer a sudden copiousness of nutrient. Pi–being a vegetarian–won’t eat the fish because it violates his beliefs. but his battle to dominate Richard Parker is the dominating of his appetencies. The nutrient Pi has been eating from the lifeboat supply is destroyed by the tail of the giant. showing the importance of nutrient in the movie. and how Pi learns he can’t survive on merely earthly nutrient. or merely heavenly nutrient. but that he needs both. Pi abandons his womb-to-tomb vegetarianism and eats the fish to prolong himself. Summarizing up the emotion behind the battle Pi encountered. while he was on the boat. Pi provinces. My face set to a inexorable and determined look. I speak in all modestness as I say this. but I discovered at that minute that I have a fierce will to populate. It’s non something apparent. in my experience. Some of us give up on life with merely a resigned suspiration. Others fight a small. so lose hope. Still others–and I am one of those–never give up. We fight and battle and battle. We fight no affair the cost of conflict. the losingss we take the improbableness of success. We fight to the really terminal. It’s non a inquiry of bravery. It’s something constitutional. an inability to allow travel. ( Martel 164 ) This quotation mark is inspirational and relates to Pi’s personality. Despite the fact that he faced many battles throughout the novel ( majorly portion 2 ) . he managed to stay optimistic and determined to happen a manner to get away. In most instances. a individual would hold merely given up under the fortunes he fell under. but Pi had faith in acquiring off the ship and determination land. He neer gave up despite the fact that he knew that he’d neer see his household once more. and he had to last for 227 yearss with a fierce tiger. and small nutrient. The odds against his endurance were conspicuously against his favour. but that didn’t stop him. He had to get the better of his fright of killing animate beings in his battle for endurance. Pi went from wavering to kill a fish. to going comparable to a professional fisherman. Although there were many ideas traveling through his caput to merely leap off the boat and put an terminal to everything. his doggedness overcame his uncertainty and he did anything possible to last. Personally I can see myself stating what Pi stated. I’m a determined person. and if I truly want something. I will travel to great lengths to acquire what I want. Life of Pi Essays Life of Pi Essay Life of Pi Essay Essay Topic: Life Of Pi The Life of Pi is an adventure Drama film directed and produced by Ang Lee, the movie is based on the Novel Life of Pi in 2001 by Yann Martel. The film was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards and it won at least The Golden Globe Award for the best original Score. The release was in September 2012 and the worldwide earning is already over 600 million Dollar. The principal actor is Pi acted mainly by Suraj Sharma, and from other actors in different Situations. The movie starts that an Author ask Pi about his Life story for his book, the Author has the Name Yann Martel ( the same as the Author from the Novell the Life of Pi).Pi Patel tells him his story, in a flashback it begins with Pi as a child in India. His family owns a Zoo, also with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. The main plot begins when they have to move, because the Zoo is too expensive. They move by ship. Pi watches helplessly as the ship with his family and the crew sinks in front of him, but he survives the shipwr eck in the Lifeboat. He is the only Person in the Boat just with a Bengal tiger, a zebra, a monkey and a hyena in the middle of the Ocean. At the end Pi survives unexpected 227 days with a Bengal tiger and finally stranded on the coast of Mexico.The Life of Pi is a computer animated film, it is also available in 3D. It won many awards for example best special effects or best camera. The critics are mainly positive, good dramatically movie with realistic effects and an exciting story, a negative critic says that the german name for the movie â€Å"Life of Pi: Shipwreck with a tiger† is a perfect description, because the whole film only seems to act about a shipwreck with a tiger and is therefore rather boring. In my opinion it’s a good dramatically movie, mixed with a sad touch and animated special effects. Computer animated movies are perfect to watch in 3D.

Behavior Traits of Successful Businesses

The planner must recognize how to balance the current products against possible policies for future development and their likely implications in terms of cash flow, market share, return on capital employed and other key components of company objectives. A successful behavior trait taking hold for successful companies is to develop business models to assess a strategy. These models provide change models expanding on issues such as â€Å"what†, that provide a picture of the company now of analysis; and â€Å"which†, that suggest alternative action paths for the company to take. Both of these models provide information to build a more complete picture of events within the business and options for future development. Managers should make use of these models and many don†t. Those that do are more likely to be successful and have the ability to minimize risk of failure. Business managers who do are far more likely to survive. For planners and non-planners there is not a single universal technique that can be applied in all situations. Use of strategic planning models can be a very important behavior trait for successful companies. Companies that do not use strategic planning models usually don†t because the model does not offer what the customer wants. It may be inadequate because of its analysis of the relationship between company resources and markets. These result in advice about overall investment decisions rather than about the specifics of how to manage the alternatives in the market/business relationship can be shortsighted, since there are always alternatives in order to gain the maximum competitive advantage. Since change is so an important aspect of business continuity, many models don†t necessarily provide assiduous suggestions for what type of change should be considered. An example of modeling one such model in use by Boston Consulting Group (BCG) subdivides their profit centers into four main subdivisions. This breakdown does help in planning for strategic investment matters but it does not assist the planner in identifying a single product development proposal to investigate further from a number of alternatives. The matrix system comprises the following: 1) Stars, which are products generally with negative cash flow 2) Question marks, which are products with generally negative cash flows but with low relative market share in growing markets 3) Dogs, which are products unlikely to be generating substantial positive cash flows due to the fact that they are in slowly growing markets with low relative market shares 4) Cash cows, that are products that generating cash which have high relative market shares and are established in slowly growing markets. BCG model like the previous statement in the above paragraph does not define the product enough and does not create opportunities to explore alternatives in which to improve profitability or market share. The growth concept is divided into five separate levels one being dominant, strong, favorable, tenable and weak and relates this to the stages of market development. The stages are embryonic, growing, mature, and aging, which produce a series of strategic guidelines for company development. The market growth concept provides valuable guidance about broad policies, replacing the concept of market attractiveness in the GE matrix with stages of market growth. A PLC (product life cycle) are frameworks for planning. It suggests that specific changes in product policy should be followed after the initial product introduction. A major problem is that few products follow â€Å"typical† PLC curves. This implies that the organization evaluates the likely progress of each facet of the product†s performance over the ensuing time scale to identify particular areas where investment should be concentrated without a clear indication as to whether that product will follow the predicated path of the PLC. There are several other types of commonly used models and analysis (Product viability, Market newness, technology position, opportunity cost risk, and the Ansoff matrix) that can be employed each having strengths and weaknesses and should be applied to achieve a specific outcome. By carefully defining the likely market attractiveness for innovation and the resource environment for innovation, management can identify the types of innovation that are appropriate for a particular business unit. The key components of the market and resource environments are: 1. Market attractiveness is degrees of synergy, market size, barriers to diffusion, the expected product life and the stage of technological development. 2. Resource components are likely to be market position and personnel resource, which combine to yield a definition of the company core competence. By establishing a weighting scheme the analyst can create a three-by-three grid of market attractiveness versus resource environment to provide a measure of the likely ability of the organization to carry out particular types of innovation and the expected profitability of the proposed innovation policy. Personnel are the hearts of a continuing effective innovation policy. But, it is just as important that management and leaders are made aware of their unique roles and how crucial their behavior is upon the organization – ultimately the success of the company. Managers must be able to stimulate conversation and innovation. Leaders must be clear on how paradigm shifts and leadership is interwoven. Managers must be able to demonstrate paradigm pliancy if they are going to expect others to practice it. The more active managers can be in the search for new paradigms, the more likely those managers will be to have people work with them. An example made in the paradigm text indicated that the piston engine was on its way out in the 1970†³s because of the mandates on for a cleaner environment. Once the engine engineers stepped outside the old boundaries, they found that electronics could help to resolve the issue. Managers must facilitate and encourage cross talk. More and more the answer to a particular problem will lie with someone else and if you don†t apply the cross communication, that idea won†t be brought to surface effectively. It†s especially important that managers listen. Even when some ideas sound off the wall, you want people to approach with their ideas in an on-going fashion. On the other hand, the merger of these ideas though on their own may seem a bit far-fetched; when combined they offer leverage for the manager to generate great and unique solutions. In the text, Paradigm, the author Joel Arthur Barker defines a leader, as a person one will follow to place one wouldn†t go by himself or herself. To be successful in the twenty-first century means that leaders will need to be competent on managing within a paradigm and leading between paradigms. One without the other will not work. Successful leaders tend to lead to new paradigms in a variety of ways. Leaders need to be aware of the pattern of choices that occur during paradigm shifts. Typically three opportunities emerge: 1. Keep the paradigm; change your customer 2. Change your paradigm; keep your customer 3. Change your paradigm; change your customer Warren Bennis set forth a list of characteristics of leaders in the May 1990 issue of training magazine. The manager administers; the leader innovates. The manager has a short-range view; the leader has a long-range perspective. The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. The manager has his eye on the bottom line; the leader has his eye on the horizon. The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. Roger Milliken, CEO of Milliken and Company, a privately held textile company in South Carolina demonstrated true leadership when he began his company drive to world-class status in the early 1980†³s Though most industry experts predicted the demise of the U.S. textile industry, Milliken continued to pursue excellence. In 1990 Roger Milliken won the noted Malcolm Baldridge Award demonstrating excellence. Employees operate at different levels, some are visionaries (don†t have people following them), some are leaders, some are managers, some are leaders and even a smaller percentage have all four roles – remarkable is a company that has an individual having all four characteristics. The most important factor in sector creating innovation is the concentration on academic and theoretical concept development, which demands a specific organizational framework. They contrast with the rapid developmental demands of performance extension, technological reorganization and process innovations and with the need for close contact with the market required by other types of innovation. Therefore, three broad types of organizational patterns can be described as appropriate for components of the innovation matrix and it can be described as follows: 1. Common room – appropriate for the development of sector creating innovations 2. Rugby scrum – approaches are best for the management of performance extension, technological reorganization and process innovations and those innovations that require a close and continuing contact with the marketplace for effective control 3. Coffee shop – reformation, service, branding, design and packaging are most suited in this sector Once a company has formulated an innovation policy it must evaluate whether to acquire the expertise from outside the organization (acquisition), to borrow it (licensing), to develop it with a partner with some specific expertise in this area (joint venture), or to concentrate on developing the knowledge internally. By studying how knowledge has been acquired and the problems associated with each route, it is then possible to come to some general conclusions about the best overall method for developing competitive advantage in the 1990†³s and beyond. Behavior Traits of Successful Businesses The planner must recognize how to balance the current products against possible policies for future development and their likely implications in terms of cash flow, market share, return on capital employed and other key components of company objectives. A successful behavior trait taking hold for successful companies is to develop business models to assess a strategy. These models provide change models expanding on issues such as â€Å"what†, that provide a picture of the company now of analysis; and â€Å"which†, that suggest alternative action paths for the company to take. Both of these models provide information to build a more complete picture of events within the business and options for future development. Managers should make use of these models and many don†t. Those that do are more likely to be successful and have the ability to minimize risk of failure. Business managers who do are far more likely to survive. For planners and non-planners there is not a single universal technique that can be applied in all situations. Use of strategic planning models can be a very important behavior trait for successful companies. Companies that do not use strategic planning models usually don†t because the model does not offer what the customer wants. It may be inadequate because of its analysis of the relationship between company resources and markets. These result in advice about overall investment decisions rather than about the specifics of how to manage the alternatives in the market/business relationship can be shortsighted, since there are always alternatives in order to gain the maximum competitive advantage. Since change is so an important aspect of business continuity, many models don†t necessarily provide assiduous suggestions for what type of change should be considered. An example of modeling one such model in use by Boston Consulting Group (BCG) subdivides their profit centers into four main subdivisions. This breakdown does help in planning for strategic investment matters but it does not assist the planner in identifying a single product development proposal to investigate further from a number of alternatives. The matrix system comprises the following: 1) Stars, which are products generally with negative cash flow 2) Question marks, which are products with generally negative cash flows but with low relative market share in growing markets 3) Dogs, which are products unlikely to be generating substantial positive cash flows due to the fact that they are in slowly growing markets with low relative market shares 4) Cash cows, that are products that generating cash which have high relative market shares and are established in slowly growing markets. BCG model like the previous statement in the above paragraph does not define the product enough and does not create opportunities to explore alternatives in which to improve profitability or market share. The growth concept is divided into five separate levels one being dominant, strong, favorable, tenable and weak and relates this to the stages of market development. The stages are embryonic, growing, mature, and aging, which produce a series of strategic guidelines for company development. The market growth concept provides valuable guidance about broad policies, replacing the concept of market attractiveness in the GE matrix with stages of market growth. A PLC (product life cycle) are frameworks for planning. It suggests that specific changes in product policy should be followed after the initial product introduction. A major problem is that few products follow â€Å"typical† PLC curves. This implies that the organization evaluates the likely progress of each facet of the product†s performance over the ensuing time scale to identify particular areas where investment should be concentrated without a clear indication as to whether that product will follow the predicated path of the PLC. There are several other types of commonly used models and analysis (Product viability, Market newness, technology position, opportunity cost risk, and the Ansoff matrix) that can be employed each having strengths and weaknesses and should be applied to achieve a specific outcome. By carefully defining the likely market attractiveness for innovation and the resource environment for innovation, management can identify the types of innovation that are appropriate for a particular business unit. The key components of the market and resource environments are: 1. Market attractiveness is degrees of synergy, market size, barriers to diffusion, the expected product life and the stage of technological development. 2. Resource components are likely to be market position and personnel resource, which combine to yield a definition of the company core competence. By establishing a weighting scheme the analyst can create a three-by-three grid of market attractiveness versus resource environment to provide a measure of the likely ability of the organization to carry out particular types of innovation and the expected profitability of the proposed innovation policy. Personnel are the hearts of a continuing effective innovation policy. But, it is just as important that management and leaders are made aware of their unique roles and how crucial their behavior is upon the organization – ultimately the success of the company. Managers must be able to stimulate conversation and innovation. Leaders must be clear on how paradigm shifts and leadership is interwoven. Managers must be able to demonstrate paradigm pliancy if they are going to expect others to practice it. The more active managers can be in the search for new paradigms, the more likely those managers will be to have people work with them. An example made in the paradigm text indicated that the piston engine was on its way out in the 1970†³s because of the mandates on for a cleaner environment. Once the engine engineers stepped outside the old boundaries, they found that electronics could help to resolve the issue. Managers must facilitate and encourage cross talk. More and more the answer to a particular problem will lie with someone else and if you don†t apply the cross communication, that idea won†t be brought to surface effectively. It†s especially important that managers listen. Even when some ideas sound off the wall, you want people to approach with their ideas in an on-going fashion. On the other hand, the merger of these ideas though on their own may seem a bit far-fetched; when combined they offer leverage for the manager to generate great and unique solutions. In the text, Paradigm, the author Joel Arthur Barker defines a leader, as a person one will follow to place one wouldn†t go by himself or herself. To be successful in the twenty-first century means that leaders will need to be competent on managing within a paradigm and leading between paradigms. One without the other will not work. Successful leaders tend to lead to new paradigms in a variety of ways. Leaders need to be aware of the pattern of choices that occur during paradigm shifts. Typically three opportunities emerge: 1. Keep the paradigm; change your customer 2. Change your paradigm; keep your customer 3. Change your paradigm; change your customer Warren Bennis set forth a list of characteristics of leaders in the May 1990 issue of training magazine. The manager administers; the leader innovates. The manager has a short-range view; the leader has a long-range perspective. The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. The manager has his eye on the bottom line; the leader has his eye on the horizon. The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. Roger Milliken, CEO of Milliken and Company, a privately held textile company in South Carolina demonstrated true leadership when he began his company drive to world-class status in the early 1980†³s Though most industry experts predicted the demise of the U.S. textile industry, Milliken continued to pursue excellence. In 1990 Roger Milliken won the noted Malcolm Baldridge Award demonstrating excellence. Employees operate at different levels, some are visionaries (don†t have people following them), some are leaders, some are managers, some are leaders and even a smaller percentage have all four roles – remarkable is a company that has an individual having all four characteristics. The most important factor in sector creating innovation is the concentration on academic and theoretical concept development, which demands a specific organizational framework. They contrast with the rapid developmental demands of performance extension, technological reorganization and process innovations and with the need for close contact with the market required by other types of innovation. Therefore, three broad types of organizational patterns can be described as appropriate for components of the innovation matrix and it can be described as follows: 1. Common room – appropriate for the development of sector creating innovations 2. Rugby scrum – approaches are best for the management of performance extension, technological reorganization and process innovations and those innovations that require a close and continuing contact with the marketplace for effective control 3. Coffee shop – reformation, service, branding, design and packaging are most suited in this sector Once a company has formulated an innovation policy it must evaluate whether to acquire the expertise from outside the organization (acquisition), to borrow it (licensing), to develop it with a partner with some specific expertise in this area (joint venture), or to concentrate on developing the knowledge internally. By studying how knowledge has been acquired and the problems associated with each route, it is then possible to come to some general conclusions about the best overall method for developing competitive advantage in the 1990†³s and beyond.